How Neurons Communicate at Synapses
Jose Rizo-Rey
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Neuron Communication: Synaptic Transmission and Membrane Fusion, Study notes of Biochemistry
An in-depth exploration of how neurons communicate at synapses through synaptic transmission and membrane fusion. Topics covered include the role of neurotransmitters, ion channels, and synaptic vesicles in interneuronal communication. The document also discusses the importance of calcium ions in the release of neurotransmitters and the role of proteins such as Synaptotagmin, Munc13, and SNAREs in membrane fusion.
What you will learn
- What is synaptic transmission and how does it occur?
- What proteins are involved in membrane fusion during synaptic transmission?
- How does the SNARE complex facilitate membrane fusion?
- How does calcium play a role in neurotransmitter release?
- What role do neurotransmitters play in interneuronal communication?
Typology: Study notes
2021/2022
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How Neurons Communicate at Synapses
Jose Rizo-Rey
White gives check mate in two moves
Samuel Loyd 1859
OUR AMAZING BRAIN
http://research.vtc.vt.edu/news/2013/feb/13/brain-awareness-week-designed-highlight-advances-b/
trauma.blog.yorku.ca
arttattler.com
Neurons are the key cells that make the brain so unique
(drawings by Santiago Ramon y Cajal)
The brain is an extremely complex communications network
Interneuronal communication occurs at synapses
Xinran Liu
biologyboom.com
There are many types of neurons
A common feature is their polarity
aups.org.au
Some ion channels can open and close depending on the membrane potential,
and help to propagate electrical signals with a very fast speed
www.emaze.com
a single ion channel opening and closing
faculty.washington.edu
These electrical signals are known as actions potentials and are
propagated by opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels
docking
priming Ca2+
fusion
action potential
synaptic vesicles
presynaptic terminal
Ca2+
postsynaptic cell
synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter
receptors
Chemical synaptic transmission
Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic receptors can cause excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs or IPSPs),
depending of the type of synapse and the neurotransmitter released
7e.biopsychology.com
EPSP
presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
presynaptic neuron
IPSP
postsynaptic neuron
- Repetitive stimulation can lead to stronger or weaker postsynaptic potentials
- This plasticity can arise from:
presynaptic changes in the efficiency of neurotransmitter release and/or changes in the postsynaptic responses
- Synaptic plasticity underlies many forms of information processing in the brain
Shin et al. (2010) Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2010 17 , 280
The knee-jerk reflex illustrates a behavior
controlled by a system of distinct neurons
bio1152.nicerweb.com