HPHM 4308 Organizational Behavior & Theory - Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans) - TTUHSC 202, Exams of Nursing

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HPHM 4308 Principles of

Organizational Behavior & Theory

Midterm Exam Review

(Questions & Solutions)

Multiple Choice A hospital’s leadership implements a decentralized decision-making structure to empower frontline nursing managers. Which Organizational Theory best explains this approach? A) Scientific Management Theory B) Contingency Theory C) Bureaucratic Theory D) Classical Theory ANS : B) Contingency Theory Rationale: Contingency Theory posits that effective organizational structure depends on the fit between organization and context, such as empowering managers in dynamic healthcare environments. Which leadership style is most likely to foster innovation among interdisciplinary healthcare teams? A) Autocratic B) Transactional C) Transformational D) Laissez-Faire ANS : C) Transformational Rationale: Transformational leaders inspire and motivate for change and innovation, critical for complex team settings in healthcare. During an EHR system rollout, resistance emerged among veteran nurses. According to Lewin’s Change Management Model, what is the correct sequence of stages to address this? A) Freezing, Changing, Unfreezing B) Unfreezing, Changing, Refreezing C) Changing, Freezing, Unfreezing D) Planning, Executing, Controlling ANS : B) Unfreezing, Changing, Refreezing Rationale: The model prescribes unfreezing old behaviors, changing, then refreezing the new practices. A healthcare administrator uses Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to motivate staff. Meeting “Esteem” needs could involve which

A) Informal Culture B) Organizational Design C) Group Dynamics D) Job Enrichment ANS : B) Organizational Design Rationale: Organizational design defines formal structure. When an ICU adopts bedside shift reports to improve patient safety, which concept of Organizational Behavior is being targeted? A) Groupthink B) Communication C) Conformity D) Cognitive Dissonance ANS : B) Communication Rationale: Bedside handoff enhances communication and info transfer. The use of interprofessional rounds in a hospital supports which team development stage as per Tuckman’s model? A) Storming B) Performing C) Norming D) Forming ANS : B) Performing Rationale: Interprofessional rounds demonstrate task-focused, well-functioning teams. Fill-in-the-Blank _______________ power is based on a leader’s ability to confer rewards in a healthcare organization. ANS : Reward Rationale: Reward power involves offering incentives or recognition. The process by which employees adopt core values and behaviors of a healthcare organization is known as _______________. ANS : Socialization Rationale: Socialization integrates new staff into the organizational culture. _______________ refers to the psychological contract between

healthcare staff and their employer. ANS : Organizational commitment Rationale: It describes an employee’s loyalty and sense of responsibility. The Ethical Decision-Making Model begins with the recognition of an _______________ dilemma. ANS : Ethical Rationale: Recognizing the dilemma is the first step in ethical decision- making. In task interdependence, ICU nurses relying on lab technicians for timely results exemplify _______________ interdependence. ANS : Reciprocal Rationale: Reciprocal interdependence involves mutual, ongoing exchanges among team members. True/False True or False: Groupthink can lead to suboptimal outcomes during root cause analysis in healthcare teams. ANS : True Rationale: Groupthink suppresses dissent, harming critical thinking and analysis. True or False: Organizational silence can hinder error reporting in hospitals. ANS : True Rationale: If staff are reluctant to speak up, errors go unreported, affecting safety. True or False: According to McGregor's Theory X, managers believe employees are inherently motivated and self-directed. ANS : False Rationale: Theory X assumes workers are lazy and need close supervision. True or False: Emotional intelligence in physician leaders can improve

B) Tolerate bullying C) Establish a code of conduct D) Ignore complaints ANS : A) Promote open feedback, C) Establish a code of conduct Rationale: Proactive interventions improve workplace civility.

24. According to path-goal leadership theory, which leader behaviors can a CNO employ to motivate nurses? (Select all that apply) A) Directive B) Supportive C) Participative D) Transactional ANS : A) Directive, B) Supportive, C) Participative Rationale: Path-goal includes these behaviors; transactional is a different style.
25. Which of the following are forms of organizational justice important for healthcare staff retention? (Select all that apply) A) Procedural justice B) Informational justice C) Distributive justice D) Punitive justice ANS : A) Procedural justice, B) Informational justice, C) Distributive justice Rationale: These justices influence perceptions of fairness; punitive justice is not recognized in theory. Multiple Choice (continued)
26. When a hospital introduces Lean Six Sigma, which aspect of organizational behavior is most directly engaged? A) Motivation theories B) Process improvement C) Leader-member exchange D) Attribution theory ANS : B) Process improvement Rationale: Lean Six Sigma is primarily about process optimization. A hospital administrator is implementing a new electronic health record

(EHR) system. Resistance to the change is high among nurses. Which of the following organizational behavior theories would be MOST useful in addressing this resistance? a) Classical Management Theory b) Bureaucratic Theory c) Lewin's Change Management Model d) Scientific Management Rationale: Lewin's model provides a structured approach to managing change, including unfreezing, changing, and refreezing, which is directly applicable to the EHR implementation. In a healthcare setting, which leadership style is MOST effective in a crisis situation, such as a natural disaster impacting a hospital? a) Laissez-faire b) Democratic c) Autocratic d) Transformational Rationale: Autocratic leadership allows for quick decision-making and decisive action, which is crucial in a crisis. A healthcare organization is experiencing high employee turnover. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a contributing factor based on Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory? a) Lack of recognition b) Poor working conditions c) High salary d) Limited opportunities for advancement Rationale: While salary is important, Herzberg's theory suggests that it is a hygiene factor, and its absence can cause dissatisfaction, but its presence does not necessarily lead to satisfaction. Recognition, working conditions, and advancement are motivators.

The __ effect describes the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working collectively than when working individually. ANS : Social loafing Rationale: Social loafing occurs when individuals reduce their effort in a group setting, believing their contributions are less noticeable. __ refers to the shared values, beliefs, and norms that influence behavior within an organization. ANS : Organizational culture Rationale: Organizational culture shapes the attitudes and behaviors of employees. __ is a theory that suggests that individuals are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance. ANS : Cognitive Dissonance Theory Rationale: This theory explains how individuals strive for consistency between their attitudes and behaviors. True/False True/False: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a static model, and individuals progress through the levels in a linear fashion. ANS : False Rationale: While Maslow's theory presents a hierarchy, it's not strictly linear, and individuals can be influenced by multiple needs simultaneously. True/False: Groupthink is a phenomenon that enhances decision-making in teams by encouraging diverse perspectives. ANS : False Rationale: Groupthink hinders decision-making by suppressing dissenting opinions and promoting conformity. True/False: Transformational leaders focus on transactional exchanges,

such as rewards for performance. ANS : False Rationale: Transformational leaders inspire and motivate followers, while transactional leaders focus on exchanges. True/False: Job satisfaction is a direct predictor of employee performance. ANS : False Rationale: While job satisfaction is related to performance, the relationship is complex and not always direct. Other factors also play a role. True/False: Conflict is always detrimental to organizational performance. ANS : False Rationale: Constructive conflict can lead to innovation and improved decision-making. Multiple Response Which of the following are characteristics of a learning organization? (Choose all that apply) a) Emphasis on continuous learning and improvement b) Decentralized decision-making c) Rigid hierarchical structures d) Open communication and information sharing Rationale: Learning organizations are characterized by continuous improvement, decentralized decision-making, and open communication. Which of the following are potential sources of conflict in a healthcare setting? (Choose all that apply) a) Differences in professional values (e.g., physician vs. nurse) b) Competition for resources (e.g., equipment, staff) c) Poor communication d) Homogeneous teams with no diversity

1. Multiple Choice Question: A hospital’s leadership team is revising its organizational strategy to improve employee engagement and patient outcomes. Which organizational behavior concept best supports the alignment of individual values with the organization’s mission?

• A. Hierarchical structuring
• B. Organizational culture
• C. Bureaucratic control
• D. Transactional leadership Correct ANS : B. Organizational culture Rationale: Organizational culture comprises shared values, beliefs, and norms that influence behavior and decision-making. Aligning these cultural components with the hospital’s mission encourages engagement at all levels and directly impacts patient care quality.

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2. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: The study of how individuals, groups, and structures affect behavior within organizations is known as __________. Correct ANS : organizational behavior Rationale: Organizational behavior examines the human element within organizations, providing insights into leadership, motivation, communication, and change—tools essential for managing healthcare

institutions effectively.

3. True/False Question: True or False: Transformational leadership in healthcare primarily focuses on short-term goal attainment and reward-based performance. Correct ANS : False Rationale: Transformational leadership emphasizes inspiring and empowering employees to achieve a shared vision and drive long-term improvement, rather than merely focusing on short-term, transactional rewards.

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4. Multiple Response Question: Which of the following motivational theories are commonly applied in healthcare organizational behavior to enhance employee performance? (Select all that apply)

• A. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• B. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
• C. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
• D. Social Learning Theory
• E. Cognitive Dissonance Theory Correct ANS s: A, B, C, D Rationale: Maslow’s theory (A) explains basic and higher-level needs; Herzberg’s

Correct ANS : groupthink Rationale: Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes consensus over critical analysis, potentially leading to poor decisions. Recognizing and mitigating groupthink is essential for healthcare leaders managing diverse teams.

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7. True/False Question: True or False: A strong, cohesive organizational culture in healthcare has been linked to improved patient safety and higher employee satisfaction. Correct ANS : True Rationale: Research indicates that a positive organizational culture promotes safety, communication, and shared commitment to goals, thereby enhancing patient care and employee morale.

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8. Multiple Response Question: Which factors influence decision-making processes within healthcare organizations? (Select all that apply)

• A. Organizational culture and structure
• B. Leadership styles and power dynamics
• C. External environmental pressures (e.g., regulations)
• D. Individual cognitive biases
• E. Social media trends

Correct ANS s: A, B, C, D Rationale: Decision-making in healthcare is impacted by internal factors such as culture and leadership (A, B), external pressures including regulatory changes (C), and individual cognitive biases (D). While social media trends (E) may have some influence, they are typically indirect.

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9. Multiple Choice Question: Which communication strategy is most effective in minimizing misunderstandings and promoting clarity among diverse healthcare teams?

• A. Relying solely on e-mail communication
• B. Utilizing multiple channels, including face-to-face meetings and digital platforms
• C. Issuing lengthy written memos
• D. Delegating all communication tasks to a single team member Correct ANS : B. Utilizing multiple channels, including face-to-face meetings and digital platforms Rationale: Using a mix of communication channels ensures that messages are clearly conveyed and understood by all team members, accommodating different learning styles and reducing miscommunications.

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10. Fill-in-the-Blank

• B. Supportive leadership and open feedback
• C. Recognition and rewards for performance
• D. High levels of bureaucratic red tape
• E. Opportunities for professional growth Correct ANS s: A, B, C, E Rationale: A positive organizational climate is built on transparency (A), supportive leadership (B), recognition (C), and opportunities for growth (E). Bureaucratic red tape (D) typically impedes a positive, constructive environment.

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13. Multiple Choice Question: 

A healthcare executive is interested in fostering adaptive decision- making processes within her organization. Which theory focuses on the idea that decision-makers operate under conditions of “bounded rationality” due to limited information and cognitive capacity?

• A. Behavioral Decision Theory
• B. Classical Rational Choice Theory
• C. Bounded Rationality Theory
• D. Prospective Hindsight Theory Correct ANS : C. Bounded Rationality Theory Rationale: Bounded Rationality Theory, proposed by Herbert Simon, asserts that decision-makers must operate under time, information, and cognitive constraints. This concept is critical for understanding and improving decision-making processes under the pressures of healthcare

management.

14. Fill-in-the-Blank Question: Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory differentiates between __________ factors, which can cause dissatisfaction if absent, and motivators, which drive job satisfaction and performance. Correct ANS : hygiene Rationale: Hygiene factors (e.g., salary, working conditions) must be met to prevent dissatisfaction, while motivators (e.g., achievement, recognition) contribute to enhanced job satisfaction and performance in an organization.

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15. True/False Question: True or False: A culture of open communication and inclusivity within a healthcare organization tends to correlate with higher employee organizational commitment and reduced turnover. Correct ANS : True Rationale: Organizations that promote open, inclusive communication typically experience higher levels of trust, employee engagement, and commitment, translating into lower turnover rates.