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HUMAN ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY
SCB-203
La Guardia Community College
City University of New York
Department of Natural Sciences
Howard K. Motoike, Ph.D.
A & P Coordinator
Revised 3/2021
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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SCB-203, Summaries of Animal Anatomy and Physiology
City University of New York ... Human Anatomy and Physiology (SCB-203, SCB-204) will be conducted in compliance with ... LECTURE MIDTERM EXAM Lectures 1-17.
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HUMAN ANATOMY
AND
PHYSIOLOGY
SCB- 203
La Guardia Community College
City University of New York
Department of Natural Sciences
Howard K. Motoike, Ph.D.
A & P Coordinator
Revised 3 /20 21
Policy on Academic Integrity. Human Anatomy and Physiology (SCB-203, SCB-204) will be conducted in compliance with La Guardia Community College’s Academic Integrity Policy regarding cheating on examinations and quizzes. If a student is suspected of academic misconduct or dishonesty (such as cheating, bribery or plagiarism) the instructor will complete the academic integrity complaint form. The following steps will then subsequently occur:
- The faculty member meets with the student charged with the violation; shows him/her the completed Complaint Form, which indicates the faculty member’s sanction (either an “F” on the paper, quiz or exam involved: or an “F” in the course). The instructor asks the student to check one of the three options printed on the form. The student may select “I do not challenge the accusation and accept the sanctions” or “I challenge the accusation and wish for the matter to be referred to the Chief Adjudicator for further review” or “I do not wish to make any statement at this time and I am aware that the sanction will be upheld without further review for appeal after fifteen days of receipt of this notice”.
- The form, with the evidence attached, is then signed by the student and by the faculty member and sent to the Chairperson of the department. The student should be advised that signing of the document is not considered an admission of guilt but only an understanding of the allegations and the possible sanctions filed against them.
- A copy of the form is given to the student and the faculty member retains a copy for his/her files.
- The Chairperson determines whether the matter has been resolved or not; checks the appropriate line on the complaint form; signs the form; files a copy, together with copies of the supporting evidence in the department’s files; and sends a copy with the supporting evidence to the Academic Integrity Officer (AIO) in C-317.
- If the alleged violation is discovered after the class has met for the final time in the semester, the instructor notifies the student by e-mail and certified postal mail, requesting a meeting. If the student does not respond, that is so noted on the complaint form and the form with supporting documentation is sent to the department Chairperson, who also attempts to contact the student. If the student does not respond, the form and documents, including documentation of the attempts to contact the student are sent to the AIO.
- If the student checks, “I do not wish to make any statement at this time,” or if the student refuses to sign the form at all, or if the student refuses to meet with the professor, the complaint form and attached documents are filed in the department and are sent to the AIO, who calls the student to a meeting and then determines an appropriate course of action, as described above. In cases in which the student fails to appear at the required meeting within one week of notification, the faculty sanction shall apply without benefit of student appeal.
- The AIO functions in these processes as the representative of the Vice President of the Division of Student Affairs. The AIO promptly notifies the Chairperson of receipt of the complaint form, of the determination made by either the Academic Standing Committee or the Student-Faculty Disciplinary Committee and of the inclusion of the student’s name in the division’s data base of students who admit violations or who are determined to be guilty of violations. The AIO will review the data base to identify repeat offenders and to impose appropriate disciplinary sanctions.
- Finally, when the faculty sanction allows the student to complete work necessary for passing the course, the student is allowed to do so. When the faculty sanction is failure for the course and the student requests a hearing or chooses not to make a statement, the student remains in the course until the matter is resolved. If the matter is not resolved by the end of the term, the professor gives the student a grade that incorporates the proposed sanction, with the possibility of revision when the matter is resolved.
Spring II 2021 SCB- 203 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I Lecture Syllabus Texts: OpenStax Human Anatomy and Physiology (Free) or https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology Second Edition by Erin C. Amerman Pearson (Recommended) https://www.pearson.com/store/p/human-anatomy-physiology/P Lect. Lecture Topic Amerman OpenStax 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1 ( 1 - 11 , 21 - 30 )
2 Introduction to Chemistry Ch. 2 (31-36) 2.1, 2. 3 Reactions and Ionic Bonding Ch. 2 (36- 37 , 41- 45 ) 2.2, 2. 4 Covalent and Hydrogen Bonding Ch. 2 (37- 41 ) 2. 5 Water, pH, Acids, Bases, Salts and Buffers Ch. 2 ( 46 - 49 ), Ch 25 (9 94 - 995) 2. 6 LECTURE QUIZ 1 ; Organic Chemistry and Carbohydrates Ch. 2 ( 50 - 52 , 6 2 ) 2. 7 Lipids and Proteins Ch. 2 ( 53 - 59 , 63 ) 2. 8 Nucleic Acids and Heredity Ch. 2 ( 59 - 61 , 63- 6 2, 64), Ch. 3 (11 2 )
9 Protein Synthesis Ch. 3 ( 103 - 110 ) 3. 4 10 Introduction to the Cell and the Cell Membrane Ch. 3 ( 68 - 87 ) 3. 11 Cell Organelles Ch. 3 ( 87 - 103 ) 3.2, 3. 12 LECTURE QUIZ 2; Epithelial Tissue Ch. 4 ( 123 - 137 ) 4.1, 4. 13 Connective Tissue, Organs and Cell Membranes Ch. 4 ( 137 - 146 , 151 - 154 ) 4. 14 Introduction to the Integumentary System Ch. 5 ( 160 - 174 ) 5.1, 5. 15 Skin Derivatives and Pathology Ch. 5 ( 174 - 182 and Ch 5) 5.2, 5. 16 LECTURE QUIZ 3 ; Skeletal Organization Ch. 4 (144-145), Ch. 6 (18 4 - 201) 6.1, 6.2, 6. 17 Skeletal Physiology and Articulations Ch. 6 (20 2 - 207 ), Ch. 8 ( 257 - 281 )
18 LECTURE MIDTERM EXAM Lectures 1- 17 19 Muscular Organization Ch 4 ( 146 - 148), Ch 9 (283-284, Ch. 10 (33 7 - 347 )
20 Muscle Physiology Ch. 1 0 (34 7 - 363) 10.3, 10. 21 Muscles and Body Movements Ch. 10 (364- 373 ), Ch. 9 (287-291)
22 Muscle Pathology Ch. 9 and Ch. 10 10. 23 LECTURE QUIZ 4 ; Blood and its Functions Ch. 4 (145-146), Ch 25 (995-996), Ch. 1 9 ( 723 - 738 )
24 Blood Types and Hemostasis Ch. 1 9 ( 746 - 751 , 738- 746 )
25 Blood Pathology Ch. 1 9 18. 26 The Heart and the Conduction System Ch. 4 (148- 14 9), Ch. 1 7 (63 0 - 652 ) 19.1, 19. 27 The Electrocardiogram and the Cardiac Cycle Ch. 1 7 ( 652 - 661 ) 19 .2, 19. 28 Control of Cardiac Function and Pathology Ch. 17 ( 662 - 66 6), Ch. 17 19. 29 Introduction to Blood Vessels Ch. 18 (6 70 - 675 ), Ch 4 (148), Ch. 27 (108 1 - 1083)
30 Circulatory Physiology Ch. 18 (67 5 - 696 ) 20.3, 20. 31 LECTURE QUIZ 5 ; Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System Ch. 21 ( 802 - 817 )
32 Physiology and Chemistry of Respiration Ch. 21 (81 8 - 840 )
Regulation of Respiration and Respiratory Disorders Ch. 21 ( 840 - 846 ) and Ch. 21 22.3, 22. 34 LECTURE QUIZ 6 ; The Lymphatic System Ch. 20 (75 4 - 762 ) 21. 35 Introduction to Immunity, Innate Immunity, Cell Mediated Immunity Ch. 20 (76 2 - 780 ) 21.2, 21. 36 Antibody Mediated Immunity and Immune Disorders Ch. 20 (7 80 - 797 )
LECTURE FINAL EXAM (DURING FINALS WEEK) Lectures 19- 36 SCB- 203 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I OUTLINE OF THE LECTURE OBJECTIVES Lecture 1 : Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology. a. How to Succeed in your Anatomy and Physiology Course. b. List the characteristics of living things. c. Define physiology, cytology, anatomy, histology and pathology. d. Determine the relationship between structure and function. e. Compare the levels of structural organization within the human body and define chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism. f. Explain that homeostasis is a state, which results in normal body activities and why the inability to achieve homeostasis is a condition, which leads to malfunction and related disorders. Give examples of negative and positive feedback mechanisms. Lecture 2 : Introduction to Chemistry. a. Define energy and matter. b. Explain using diagrams the Bohr model of the atom of the most commonly elements found in the human body. Define proton, electron and neutron. c. Explain atomic number, atomic mass, isotope and the organization of the periodic table. d. Describe the distribution of electrons into energy levels and the octet rule. Lecture 3 : Chemical reactions and ionic bonding. a. Define a chemical reaction as a function of electrons in incomplete energy levels. b. Describe chemical and structural formulas, valence electrons and chemical equations. c. Discuss ionic bond formation in a molecule such as NaCI. d. Explain anions, cations, ionic compounds, dissociation and electrolytes. e. Define a chemical bond as a force of attraction among atoms in compounds or molecules. Lecture 4 : Covalent and Hydrogen Bonding and Chemical Reactions. a. Describe using examples the sharing of outer energy level electrons to form covalent bonds. b. Define hydrogen bonding and its functions.
c. List the factors related to the semi-permeability of the cell membrane discussing channels and pumps. d. Define diffusion, osmosis, filtration, active transport and vesicular transport (endocytosis and exocytosis). e. Explain how the unequal charge distribution results in a transmembrane potential. Lecture 11 : Cell Organelles. a. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. b. Describe the functions of the cytoplasm. c. Describe the structure and functions of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. d. Define the function of ribosomes. e. Describe the structure and functions of the Golgi apparatus. f. Describe the function of the mitochondria as the “powerhouse of the cell”. g. Explain why lysosomes are called a “suicide packets”. h. Describe the structure and function of centrioles in cellular reproduction. i. Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton. Lecture 12 : Tissues and Organs. a. QUIZ 2 (Lectures 6-11). b. Review the definitions of a tissue and an organ. c. Classify tissues of the body into the four major types. d. Compare the distinguishing characteristics of the different types of epithelial tissue. e. Compare the cell shape and the layering arrangements of epithelial tissue. f. Describe cell adhesion molecules and the basal lamina as intercellular connections. g. Define a gland. h. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands. Lecture 13 : Connective Tissue and Membranes. a. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue. b. Describe the ground substance, fibers, matrix and the cells that comprise connective tissue. c. Contrast the different kinds and functions of connective tissues. d. Define a membrane as an organ. e. List the location, composition and the function of mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous membranes. Lecture 14 : The integumentary System. a. List the functions of the integumentary system. b. Define the skin as an organ and a component of the integumentary system. c. Explain how the skin is structurally divided into epidermal, dermal, and subcutaneous regions. d. List the structural layers of the epidermis and describe their functions. e. Discuss the keratinization of the epidermis. f. Discuss skin color, freckles and tanning. g. Explain the composition and functions of the dermis. h. Contrast the structure and function of the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. i. Describe the structure and function of the subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer. j. Classify first, second, and third degree burns.
Lecture 15 : Skin Derivatives and Pathology. a. Compare and contrast the structure and function of epidermal derivatives such as hair, glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous and ceruminous) and nails. b. Describe the role of the skin in the maintenance of normal body temperature. c. Explain how the skin functions as an excretory organ and how it repairs itself. d. Discuss the role of the skin in protecting against disease and desiccation. e. Explain the effects of aging on the skin and skin cancer. Lecture 16: Skeletal Organization. a. QUIZ 3 (Lectures 1 2 - 15). b. Describe the organs of the skeletal system. c. Describe the functions of the skeletal system. d. Describe the gross features of a long bone. e. Describe the histological features of compact bone. f. Compare and contrast the histological features of cancellous and compact bone. g. Define ossification. h. Contrast intramembranous and endochondral ossification. i. Describe the conditions necessary for normal bone growth. Lecture 17 : Skeletal Physiology and Articulations. a. Compare and contrast the structure and function of tendons and ligaments; define bursa. b. Discuss diseases of the skeletal system. c. Define a fracture and briefly describe how bones repair themselves. d. Define an articulation. e. Compare and contrast the structure, kind of movement and location of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. f. Describe the detailed structure of a synovial joint. g. Describe and compare the movements of the different types of synovial joints. h. Describe the causes and symptoms of common joint disorders that include arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis and intervertebral disc abnormalities. Lecture 18 : MIDTERM EXAM (Lectures (1-17). Lecture 19 : Muscular Organization. a. List the distinguishing properties of muscular tissue. b. Compare the location, microscopic appearance, nervous control and functions of the three types of muscle tissue. c. Identify the histological characteristics of skeletal muscle. d. Define epimysium, perimysium, endomysium and fascia. Explain how these bind muscle fibers into muscle organs and connect muscle to bone. e. Describe the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle tissue including myofibrils and the sarcomere. Lecture 20 : Muscle Physiology. a. Describe the source of energy for muscular contraction. b. Describe the physiological importance of the motor unit.
c. Contrast the causes of hemorrhagic, hemolytic, aplastic, iron deficiency, pernicious and sickle cell anemia. d. Identify the clinical symptoms of infectious mononucleosis. Lecture 26 : Structure of the Heart and the Conduction System. a. Contrast the structure of the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. b. Identify the blood vessels, chambers and valves of the heart. c. Describe the coronary vessels and coronary blood flow. d. Describe the initiation and conduction of the nerve impulse through the nodal system of the heart. Lecture 27 : The Electrocardiogram and the Cardiac Cycle. a. Label and explain the deflection waves of a normal electrocardiogram. b. Describe the sounds of the heart and their clinical significance. c. Define systole and diastole as the two principal events of the cardiac cycle. d. Describe the pressure changes associated with blood flow through the heart. e. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle as a function of time. Lecture 28 : Control of Cardiac Function and Cardiopathology. a. Define and identify the factors that determine cardiac output. b. Define Starling’s Law of the heart. c. Contrast the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. d. Define the role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the control of heart rate. e. Define the role of the medulla oblongata in the control of heart rate. f. Describe the effects of body temperature, ion concentration, sex, age, hormones and physical conditioning on heart rate. g. Contrast coronary bypass surgery and transluminal coronary angioplasty. h. Discuss: congenital heart defects, valve disorders, ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias. i. Compare angina pectoris and myocardial infarction as abnormalities of coronary circulation. Lecture 29 : Introduction to Blood Vessels. a. QUIZ 5 (Lectures 23-27). b. Contrast the structure and functions of veins, capillaries and arteries. c. Compare systemic, coronary, pulmonary, portal and fetal circulation. d. Describe the importance and route of blood involved in a portal circulation. e. Identify the major blood vessels of pulmonary circulation. f. Contrast fetal and adult circulation. g. Explain the change in fetal circulatory structures after the establishment of post-natal circulation. h. Define patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale and describe their consequences. Lecture 30 : Circulatory Physiology. a. Describe why blood flows through vessels. b. List the factors that resist the flow of blood through vessels. c. List the factors that assist the return of venous blood to the heart. d. Define pulse and identify the arteries where the pulse may be felt.
e. Discuss blood velocity and exchange of materials in the capillaries. f. Define blood pressure and discuss the hormonal regulation of blood pressure. g. Describe the clinical method for recording systolic and diastolic pressure. h. Contrast the clinical significance of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures. i. List the causes and symptoms of aneurysms, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. Lecture 31 : Structure and Mechanisms of the Respiratory System. a. Identify the organs of the respiratory system. b. Describe the olfactory receptors of the nasal cavity. c. Differentiate between the three regions of the pharynx and describe their roles in respiration. d. Identify the anatomical features of the larynx related to respiration and vocalization. e. Describe the structure and location of the tubes that form the bronchial tree. f. Identify the coverings and the gross anatomical features of the lungs. g. Describe the role of the respiratory membrane in diffusion of the respiratory gases. Lecture 32 : Physiology and Chemistry of Respiration. a. List the sequence of pressure changes involved in respiration and expiration. b. Compare the volumes and capacities of air exchanged in respiration. c. Define the partial pressures of gases, surfactant and compliance. d. Describe the mechanisms of external and internal respiration based on differences in partial pressures of O 2 and CO2. e. Describe the transport of O 2 and CO 2 by blood and how it is affected by temperature and pH. Lectures 33 : Regulation of Respiration and Respiratory Disorders. a. Describe the parts of the nervous system that control respiration. b. Compare and contrast the roles of the Hering-Breuer reflex and the pneumotaxic center in controlling respiration. c. Describe the effects of chemical stimuli and blood pressure in determining respiration rate. d. Define bronchial asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis and COPD. Lecture 34 : The Lymphatic System. a. QUIZ 6 (Lectures 28- 33 ). b. Identify the structures and functions of the lymphatic system. c. Compare the location, composition and functions of interstitial fluid and lymph. d. List the forces responsible for the circulation of lymph. e. Discuss the spleen and thymus as lymph organs. f. Identify the clinically important groups of lymph nodes and nodules. g. Describe the structure and function of lymph nodes. h. Compare and contrast lymphatic vessels with blood vessels. Lecture 35 : Introduction to the Immune System and Adaptive Immunity. a. Identify the kinds of specific and nonspecific defenses against infection. b. Relate the physiological changes and clinical symptoms associated with inflammation. c. Describe the process of phagocytosis.