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D. Pharma
st
Year
Human Anatomy & Physiology (HAP)
(PHS1105)
By : Mr. Bhushan Hatwar
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Pharmacy
Kalinga university
Naya Raipur (C.G) , India
(HAP – I) (BP101T)
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
- Explain the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
- Describe the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
- Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
- Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
- Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system.
Course Outcomes
- The student will be able to understand the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
- The student will be able to understand the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
- The student will be able to Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
- The student will be able to Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
- The student will be able to Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system
Reference Books
- Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers,
New Delhi.
- Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
- Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co,Riverview,MIUSA.
- Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C,Guyton andJohn.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.
- Principles of Anatomy and PhysiologybyTortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
- Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
- Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
- Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma, Jaypee brother’s medical
publishers, New Delhi.
4
Introduction to human
body
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Cellular level of
Organization
Structure
Of Cell
The detailed structure of a cell has
been studied under compound
microscope and electron microscope.
Certain structures can be seen only
under an electron microscope.
The structure of a cell as seen under
an electron microscope is called
ultrastructure.
Compound
microscope
Magnification 2000X
Electron
microscope
Magnification 500000X
Animal Cell
- Nucleus
- Golgi body
- Vesicle
- Plasma membrane
- Mitochondria
- Cytoskeleton
- Centriole
- Lysosome
- Cytoplasm
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleolus
11
10
9
8
7
6
12
5
1
2
3
4
Plasma Membrane
Carbohydrates
Proteins
- Extremely delicate, thin , elastic, living
and semi-permeable membrane
- Made up of two layers of lipid molecules
in which protein molecules are floating
- Thickness varies from 75-110 A˚
- Can be observed under an electron
microscope only
Functions:
- Maintains shape & size of the cell
- Protects internal contents of the cell
- Regulates entry and exit of substances
in and out of the cell
Lipids
Cell wall • Non-living and outermost covering of a cell
(plants & bacteria)
Pectin
Plasma membrane
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
- Can be tough, rigid and sometimes flexible
- Made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and
pectin
- May be thin or thick, multilayered structure
- Thickness varies from 50-1000 A˚
Functions:
- Provides definite shape, strength & rigidity
- Prevents drying up(desiccation) of cells
- Helps in controlling cell expansion
- Protects cell from external pathogens
Nucleus
- Nucleus has a double layered covering called
Nuclear
pores
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nucleoplasm
nuclear membrane
- Nuclear membrane has pores of diameter
about 80-100 nm
- Colourless dense sap present inside the
nucleus known as nucleoplasm
- Nucleoplasm contains round shaped
nucleolus and network of chromatin fibres
- Fibres are composed of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and protein histone
- These fibres condense to form chromosomes
during cell division
Nucleus
Gene
Histone
Chromatin fibre
Chromosome
DNA
Chromatin
- Chromosomes contain stretches of DNA
called genes
- Genes transfer the hereditary information
from one generation to the next
Functions:
- Control all the cell activities like metabolism,
protein synthesis, growth and cell division
- Nucleolus synthesizes ribonucleic acid (RNA)
to constitute ribosomes
- Store hereditary information in genes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
- Network of tubular and vesicular structures
which are interconnected with one another
- Some parts are connected to the nuclear
membrane, while others are connected to
the cell membrane
- Two types: smooth(lacks ribosomes) and
rough(studded with ribosomes)
Functions:
- Gives internal support to the cytoplasm
- RER synthesize secretory proteins and
membrane proteins
- SER synthesize lipids for cell membrane
- In liver cells SER detoxify drugs & poisons
- In muscle cells SER store calcium ions
Golgi body
Incoming
transport
- Discovered by Camillo Golgi
- Formed by stacks of 5-8 membranous sacs
- Sacs are usually flattened and are called
the cisternae Cis face
Cisternae
Newly Trans face
forming
vesicle
vesicle
Lumen
Outgoing
transport
vesicle
- Has two ends: cis face situated near the
endoplasmic reticulum and trans face
situated near the cell
membrane
Functions:
- Modifies, sorts and packs materials
synthesized in the cell
- Delivers synthesized materials to various
targets inside the cell and outside the cell
- Produces vacuoles and secretory vesicles
- Forms plasma membrane and lysosomes