HUman anatomy and Physiology UNit 1, Assignments of Anatomy

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D. Pharma

st

Year

Human Anatomy & Physiology (HAP)

(PHS1105)

By : Mr. Bhushan Hatwar

Assistant Professor

Faculty of Pharmacy

Kalinga university

Naya Raipur (C.G) , India

(HAP – I) (BP101T)

Course Objectives

Upon completion of this course the student should be able to

1. Explain the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
2. Describe the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
3. Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
4. Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
5. Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system.

Course Outcomes

1. The student will be able to understand the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
2. The student will be able to understand the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
3. The student will be able to Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
4. The student will be able to Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
5. The student will be able to Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system

Reference Books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers,

New Delhi.

2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co,Riverview,MIUSA.
4. Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C,Guyton andJohn.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.
5. Principles of Anatomy and PhysiologybyTortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
6. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
7. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
8. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma, Jaypee brother’s medical

publishers, New Delhi.

4

Introduction to human

body

Basic Anatomical Terminology

Cellular level of

Organization

Structure

Of Cell

The detailed structure of a cell has

been studied under compound

microscope and electron microscope.

Certain structures can be seen only

under an electron microscope.

The structure of a cell as seen under

an electron microscope is called

ultrastructure.

Compound

microscope

Magnification 2000X

Electron

microscope

Magnification 500000X

Animal Cell

1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body
3. Vesicle
4. Plasma membrane
5. Mitochondria
6. Cytoskeleton
7. Centriole
8. Lysosome
9. Cytoplasm
10. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
12. Nucleolus

11

10

9

8

7

6

12

5

1

2

3

4

Plasma Membrane

Carbohydrates

Proteins

• Extremely delicate, thin , elastic, living

and semi-permeable membrane

• Made up of two layers of lipid molecules

in which protein molecules are floating

• Thickness varies from 75-110 A˚
• Can be observed under an electron

microscope only

Functions:

• Maintains shape & size of the cell
• Protects internal contents of the cell
• Regulates entry and exit of substances

in and out of the cell

Lipids

• Maintains homeostasis

Cell wall • Non-living and outermost covering of a cell

(plants & bacteria)

Pectin

Plasma membrane

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

• Can be tough, rigid and sometimes flexible
  • Made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and

pectin

• May be thin or thick, multilayered structure
  • Thickness varies from 50-1000 A˚

Functions:

• Provides definite shape, strength & rigidity
  • Prevents drying up(desiccation) of cells
    • Helps in controlling cell expansion
• Protects cell from external pathogens

Nucleus

• Nucleus has a double layered covering called

Nuclear

pores

Nuclear

envelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Nucleoplasm

nuclear membrane

• Nuclear membrane has pores of diameter

about 80-100 nm

• Colourless dense sap present inside the

nucleus known as nucleoplasm

• Nucleoplasm contains round shaped

nucleolus and network of chromatin fibres

• Fibres are composed of deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA) and protein histone

• These fibres condense to form chromosomes

during cell division

Nucleus

Gene

Histone

Chromatin fibre

Chromosome

DNA

Chromatin

• Chromosomes contain stretches of DNA

called genes

• Genes transfer the hereditary information

from one generation to the next

Functions:

• Control all the cell activities like metabolism,

protein synthesis, growth and cell division

• Nucleolus synthesizes ribonucleic acid (RNA)

to constitute ribosomes

• Store hereditary information in genes

Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Ribosomes

• Network of tubular and vesicular structures

which are interconnected with one another

• Some parts are connected to the nuclear

membrane, while others are connected to

the cell membrane

• Two types: smooth(lacks ribosomes) and

rough(studded with ribosomes)

Functions:

• Gives internal support to the cytoplasm
• RER synthesize secretory proteins and

membrane proteins

• SER synthesize lipids for cell membrane
• In liver cells SER detoxify drugs & poisons
• In muscle cells SER store calcium ions

Golgi body

Incoming

transport

• Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Formed by stacks of 5-8 membranous sacs
• Sacs are usually flattened and are called

the cisternae Cis face

Cisternae

Newly Trans face

forming

vesicle

vesicle

Lumen

Outgoing

transport

vesicle

• Has two ends: cis face situated near the

endoplasmic reticulum and trans face

situated near the cell

membrane

Functions:

• Modifies, sorts and packs materials

synthesized in the cell

• Delivers synthesized materials to various

targets inside the cell and outside the cell

• Produces vacuoles and secretory vesicles
  • Forms plasma membrane and lysosomes