HUman anatomy and Physiology UNit 4, Assignments of Anatomy

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D. Pharma

st

Year

Human Anatomy & Physiology (HAP)

(PHS1105)

By : Mr. Bhushan Hatwar Assistant Professor Faculty of Pharmacy Kalinga university Naya Raipur (C.G) , India

(HAP – I) (BP101T)

Course Objectives Upon completion of this course the student should be able to

1. Explain the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
2. Describe the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
3. Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
4. Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
5. Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system. Course Outcomes
6. The student will be able to understand the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
7. The student will be able to understand the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
8. The student will be able to Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
9. The student will be able to Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
10. The student will be able to Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system

Reference Books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.
2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co,Riverview,MIUSA.
4. Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C,Guyton andJohn.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.
5. Principles of Anatomy and PhysiologybyTortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
6. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
7. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
8. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi. 4

UNIT IV - Lecture Plan 5 Lecture Topics to be covered Slide No. L1 Structure of skeletal muscle 7- L2 Physiology of muscle contraction & Neuromuscular Junction 17- L3 Names, positions, attachments & functions of various skeletal muscles.

L4 Names, positions, attachments & functions of various skeletal muscles.

L5 Various parts of central nervous system, brain & parts, functions 28- L6 Various parts of central nervous system, brain & parts, functions 35- L7 Reflex action. 43- L8 Anatomy & Physiology autonomic nervous system. 44- L9 Structure & functions of organs of Eye 48- L10 Structure & functions of organs of Ear 81- L11 Structure & functions of organs of Tongu, Nose & Quiz 108 –last slide

Functions of the Muscular System

• (^) Producing movement. Mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for all locomotion; they enable us to respond quickly to changes in the external environment.
• (^) Maintaining posture. We are rarely aware of the skeletal muscles that maintain body posture, yet they function almost continuously, making one tiny adjustment after another so that we can maintain an erect or seated posture despite the never-ending downward pull of gravity.
• (^) Stabilizing joints. As the skeletal muscles pull on bones to cause movements, they also stabilize the joints of the skeleton; muscle tendons are extremely important in reinforcing and stabilizing joints that have poorly fitting articulating surfaces.
• (^) Generating heat. The fourth function of muscle, generation of body heat, is a by-product of muscle activity; as ATP is used to power muscle contraction, nearly three-quarters of its energy escape as heat and this heat is vital in maintaining normal body temperature.

Anatomy of the Muscular System

• (^) Thick filaments. The larger, thick filaments, also called myosin filaments, are made

mostly of bundled molecules of the protein myosin, but they also contain ATPase

enzymes, which split ATP to generate the power for muscle contraction.

• (^) Cross bridges. Notice that the midparts of the thick filaments are smooth, but their ends

are studded with thick projections; these projections, or myosin beads, are called cross

bridges when they link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction.

• (^) Thin filaments. The thin filaments are composed of the contractile protein called actin,

plus some regulatory proteins that play a role in allowing (or preventing) myosin-bead

binding to actin; the thin filaments, also called actin filaments, are anchored to the Z disc

(a disclike membrane).

• (^) Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Another very important muscle fiber organelle is the

sarcoplasmic reticulum, a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum; the interconnecting

tubules and sacs of the SR surround each and every myofibril just as the sleeve of a

loosely crocheted sweater surrounds your arm, and its major role is to store calcium and

to release it on demand.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Physiology of Muscle Contraction

Distribution of Muscles in the Body

• (^) Approximately 700 skeleton muscles in the human body, only major muscles will be discussed here.
• (^) The body’s skeletal muscles can be divided into four areas:
• Head and neck muscles
• (^) Muscles of the upper limbs (shoulder, arm, forearm)
• (^) Trunk (thorax and abdomen)
• Muscles of the lower limbs (hip, pelvis/thigh, leg).