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Mutations and Genetics Exam Questions, Exams of Human Genetics

Lansing Community CollegeHuman Genetics

A question bank for an exam on the topics of mutations and genetics. It covers a range of questions related to the nature of mutations, inheritance patterns, cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis, and other fundamental concepts in genetics. The questions are presented in a true/false or multiple-choice format, testing the student's understanding of these key biological principles. The document could be useful as study notes, lecture notes, or exam preparation material for university-level biology courses covering these topics.

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Uploaded on 05/02/2024

jamie-weiland
jamie-weiland 🇺🇸

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BIOL121 - Exam 7 Question Bank - Answers
1. Mutations
1. True or False. Mutations are always harmful – False
2. True or False. Mutations in DNA can be passed on to protein - True
3. True or False. Mutations in a protein can be passed on to DNA - False
4. True or False. Mutations in DNA always affect the phenotype of an organism - False
5. What is a silent mutation?
A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not (Correct)
B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely
different
C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another
amino acid
D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon
6. What is a point mutation?
A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not
B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely
different
C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another
amino acid (correct)
D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon
7. What is a termination mutation?
A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not
B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely
different
C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another
amino acid
D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon
(correct)
8. What is a frameshift mutation?
A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not
B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely
different (Correct)
C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another
amino acid
D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon
2. Genetics
9. An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited ________.
A. cells
B. genes - (correct)
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BIOL121 - Exam 7 Question Bank - Answers

1. Mutations

  1. True or False. Mutations are always harmful – False
  2. True or False. Mutations in DNA can be passed on to protein - True
  3. True or False. Mutations in a protein can be passed on to DNA - False
  4. True or False. Mutations in DNA always affect the phenotype of an organism - False
  5. What is a silent mutation? A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not (Correct) B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely different C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another amino acid D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon
  6. What is a point mutation? A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely different C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another amino acid (correct) D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon
  7. What is a termination mutation? A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely different C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another amino acid D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon (correct)
  8. What is a frameshift mutation? A. When the genetic code changes but the amino acids in a protein do not B. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing all subsequent amino acids to be completely different (Correct) C. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid in a protein changes to another amino acid D. When the genetic code changes and a single amino acid changes to an early STOP codon

2. Genetics

  1. An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited ________. A. cells B. genes - (correct)

C. proteins D. chromatids

  1. A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait. A. heterozygous B. homozygous or heterozygous C. homozygous - (correct) D. diploid
  2. What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb? A. Aa, Bb B. AA, aa, BB, bb C. AB, Ab, aB, ab - (correct) D. AB, ab
  3. If you have two alleles for plant flower color, red and white but are not sure which is the dominant phenotype. If you breed a white flower plant with a red flower plant and observe the offspring are all red. What can you conclude? A. that the white flower color is the dominant trait B. that the red flower is dominant over the white flower color (correct) C. that the white flower parent was heterozygous D. that the red flower parent was heterozygous
  4. If black and white homozygous mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of? A. dominance B. codominance (correct) C. multiple alleles D. recessiveness
  5. In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a homozygous white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome? A. all white-eyed male offspring B. all white-eyed female offspring C. all red-eyed offspring D. half white-eyed make offspring (correct)
  6. Use the information in this paragraph to answer the following questions. In humans, achondroplasia, formerly referred to as “dwarfism”, (D) is dominant over normal (d). A homozygous dominant (DD) person dies before the age of one. A heterozygous (Dd) person has the disease. A homozygous person is normal. Assume that a heterozygous dwarf man marries a heterozygous dwarf woman. A. Fill out a Punnett square for this gene between these two individuals. D d D DD Dd d Dd dd

3. Cell Division General

  1. True or False. During mitosis the DNA replicates twice and then divides twice (False)
  2. True or False. During meiosis the DNA replicates once and then divides twice (True)
  3. True or False. Mitosis gives cells that are exact genetic replicas of the original (True)
  4. True or False. Meiosis occurs in all cells of the body (False)
  5. True or False. The first division of meiosis looks exactly like mitosis, except there are half as many chromosomes (False)
  6. True or False. Cellular division only happens during reproductive cell development (False)
  7. If a molecule is released by cells and it causes cells to divide more rapidly, it would be: A. Growth Factor - (correct) B. Apoptosis Signal C. Differentiation Signal
  8. If a molecule is released by cells and it causes cells to die off, it would be: A. Growth Factor B. Apoptosis Signal - (correct) C. Differentiation Signal
  9. If a molecule is released by cells and it causes immature cells to become red blood cells, it would be: A. Growth Factor B. Apoptosis Signal C. Differentiation Signal - (correct)
  10. Apoptosis is used to: (check all that apply) ____ Remove unhealthy cells (Answer: Yes) ____ Remove healthy but uneeded cells (Answer: Yes) ____ To cause new cell growth ____ To promote cellular division ____ To change the functional role of a cell
  11. In the human, the non-reproductive cells contain two sets of chromosomes totaling ____. A. 2 B. 23 C. 44 D. 46 - (correct)
  12. _______ is the process of cellular division for non-reproductive cells while _______ is the process of cellular division for reproductive cells. A. mitosis ; mitosis B. meiosis ; meiosis C. mitosis ; meiosis - (correct) D. meiosis ; mitosis
  13. Label which type of cellular division each cell type will use during replication. A. Lung cell - mitosis

B. Egg cell - meiosis C. Astrocyte - mitosis D. White blood cell - mitosis E. Muscle cell - mitosis F. Sperm cell - meiosis

  1. The physical map of the array of chromosomes is called a(n) _____. A. ecotype B. haplotype C. karyotype (correct) D. phenotype E. genotype
  2. Correctly label the following diagram with steps of the cell cycle. G2, G1, S phase, Mitosis, Cells exit the cell cycle & no longer divide

4. Mitosis

  1. The primary growth phase of a cell (i.e., growth of the cell; synthesis of enzymes; normal metabolism) is called ____. A. G1 phase (correct) B. S phase C. G2 phase D. M phase
  2. The stage of mitosis characterized by the disassembly of microtubules, the reestablishment of the nuclear membrane, and the de-condensation of the chromosomes into invisible threads. A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase - (correct)
  3. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the _______ of chromosomes. A. condensation (correct) B. replication C. transcription D. deletion

i. chromosomes move apart to opposite sides of the cell ii. chromosomes line up iii. two cells form iv. distinct chromosomes become visible (Answer: A. iv, B. i, C. iii, D. ii)

  1. Of the following images below, circle which two cells are most likely to have just ended mitosis. (Answer: 4th^ image, the cells are the smallest and during G1, the stage right after mitosis, is when cells grow in size.)
  2. True or false. In order to allow the cell to reproduce successfully there are several checkpoints in the cell cycle. (Answer: True)
  3. Separation of the chromosomes is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? A. prometaphase B. metaphase C. anaphase (correct) D. telophase
  4. The mitotic index is defined as: M.I. = (total # of cells in mitosis) / (total # of cells counted). Calculate the mitotic index for a tip of an onion where you count the cells in the following states: 3 anaphase 38 interphase 4 metaphase 2 prophase 3 telophase M.I. = 12/50 =.
  5. The period when the cell is performing normal functions not actively related to cell division is A. interphase (correct) B. prophase C. metaphase D. anaphase E. telophase
  6. The nuclear membrane disintegrates during A. prophase (correct) B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase E. interphase
  7. Separation of chromatid pairs occurs during A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase (correct)

D. telophase E. interphase

  1. The separation of the cytoplasm of a cell during cell division is known as: A. mitosis B. meiosis C. cytokinesis (correct)
  2. Correctly number , in order, the following stages of mitosis and label each stage as either: Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase Note: Each stage will have more than one image per stage. One image was finished as an example.

5. Meiosis

  1. A diploid cell has ________ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell. A. one-fourth B. one-half C. twice (correct) D. four times
  2. What is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? A. sexual reproduction involves fewer steps B. less chance of using up the resources in a given environment C. sexual reproduction results in greater variation in the offspring (correct) D. sexual reproduction is more cost-effective
  3. Which event will end up creating a diploid cell? A. meiosis B. fertilization (correct) C. frameshift mutation
  4. There are two _____ when a chromosome is duplicated.