Human Microbiome - Applied Microbiology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microbiology

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The Human Microbiome

Overview

Introduction

What is the human microbiome?How do we go about understanding it?The Importance of IndividualityMajor Reservoirs

Understanding the Microbiome

How is it crucial to human survival and functionality?Cases of relevant microbial importance

Practical Applications of the Microbiome

When the microbiome turns “rogue”In-Depth Look at the Urogenital Microbiome (Importance of

Lactobacillus spp.

)

In-Depth Look at the Gastrointestinal Microbiome (

C. difficile

)

Treatment Methods

Illnesses, Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome

How do antibiotics and the microbiome interact? What is the importance?Aging and IllnessMedical Intervention and the Microbiome

Diversity of the Human

Microbiome

Misconception about E.Coli

Gender-specific Lactobacillus

Microorganisms inhabitdifferent major reservoirs,relative to their function.Species can be exclusivedepending on factors suchas age, gender and culturaldifferences.

Major Reservoirs in the

Human Body

Nasal Cavities

Throat

Gut

Urogenital

Tracts

Mouth

Skin

Proprionibacterium

acnes

Lactobacillus sp.Streptococcus sp.Bacteroides sp.

Lactobacillus sp.

Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermis

Firmicutes(ex.

Mogibacterium sp.

Streptococcus sp.

The Benefits of the Exposure

to Natural Microorganisms

Example: Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding

Host (Mother) Milk Transfer

Recipient

(Infant)

Probiotics Improved

Immune Response Gut Health –

Aids in Digestion

Efficiency

Via areola

or bloodstream

Common sourcefrom the gut ofthe host

Flow of Microbiota (and Subsequent Benefits)

Incidence (cases per 100 000 population) of non–Typhi Salmonella infection in FoodNet,

1996–2004, according to age group. a Infant ages are shown in months, older persons' ages

are shown in years.

Jones T F et al. Pediatrics 2006;118:2380-

©2006 by American Academy of Pediatrics

Breastfeeding – Points of

Concern

Problems in third world countries, such as:

-Prevalence of HIV/AIDs-Knowledge of transfer of contaminated breast

milk not widely known -Healthy mothers not informed of the benefits

to

breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is a grey area when it comes to thebenefits of the human microbiome

Human Microbiome –

“Geography”

Study done on 3 distinct populations:-metropolitan US city-rural Argentina-Malawi How was data collected? Via fecal samples! (Goodrepresentation of

gut microflora

What were the results?What are the potentialexplanations?

Human Microbiome – “Age”

It is found that in infants and children,their microbiomes vary.However in adults, it was found thatthere was a greater degree of relativesimilarity between microorganismspresent in the gut.

Principle of Functional Redundancy

When the Human Microbiome

turns “Rogue”

Causes of Imbalance:



Stress: disease, diet, antibiotics

Skin Microbiome Normal Skin Microbiota: 

Propionibacterium acnes





Staphylococcus epidermidis, aureus



Corynebacterium diphteria

, jeikeium



Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Psoriasis, Acne, Skin Ulcers

P. acnes

Acne

:



Presumed culprit:

Propionibacterium acnes



Healthy follicles:

P. acnes



Acne lesions:

P. acnes

but also

S. epidermidis,

Corynebacterium

spp.

Psoriasis: 

Increased microbial diversity



Greater amount of

Streptococcus

spp., less

P. acnes



Toxigenic strains of

S. aureus

Urogenital Microbiome

Lactobacillus iners

Lactobacillus crispatus

Lactobacillus gasseri

Lactobacillus jensenii

Greater amount of anaerobes, lower amount ofLAB

Female Urogenital Microbiome:

prevention of urogenital

diseases

Bacterial VaginosisYeast InfectionsSexually Transmitted IllnessesUrinary Tract Infections

HIV

The Role of

Lactobacillus:

Lactic acid production: decrease pH

Bactiostatic and –cidal, competitive exclusion

Bacterial Vaginosis: 

Lactobacillus

dominated



Polymicrobial (

2

3

)

No specific Vaginal Microbiome, “Normal” not easilydefined, Five communities



Classification: Presence of

Lactobacillus,

type of

Lactobacillus