Download Humanities CLEP Test Comprehensive Exam Study Guide: A Guide to Key Figures and Movements and more Exams Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity!
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Greek Philosophers Before Socrates - ansPre-Socrates Pythagoras - ans6th Century B.C., a Greek philosopher and mathematician, founder of a religous movement called Pythagoreanism Thales - ans"Father of Western Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water. Parmenides - ansa pre-socratic Greek philosopher born in Italy. Denied the existence of time, plurality, and motion. NO Change. Founder of Metaphysics. Heraclitus - ansa presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (All is change). Zeno - ansancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC) Socrates - ansGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth. Believed writing distorted ideas. His ideas were recorded by his followers (Plato). Atomism - ansThe idea that matter is made out of atoms Atomists - ansLeucippus and Democritus Plato - ansone of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization. Explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic. In his ideal state, the people were divided into three different groups. Aristotle - ansGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. pop art - ansan artistic movement that emerged in the early 1960s; pop artists took images from popular culture and transformed them into works of fine art mosaics - anspatterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors sculpture - ansthree dimensional work of art, statue bust - ansa sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person obelisk - anstall, 4 sided pillar of stone that rises to a point multi-media - ansusing two or more types of media together to create an art object such as glitter or beads on a painting louise nevelson - ansassembled architectural sculptures of "found" wooden objects and used them to construct screens of boxes of varied sizes which she painted in monochromatic colors. constantin brancusi - ans(1876) 19th-20th c. Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms (The Kiss; Bird in Space) cellini - ansgoldsmith and sculptor, wrote one of the first autobiographies barbara hepworth - ansBritish abstract sculptor michelangelo - ansItalian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David. henry moore - ansabstract sculptor who used rounding techniques and very little detail
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
alexander calder - ansUnited States sculptor who first created mobiles and stabiles (1898-
hagia sophia - ansMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Constructed of interlocking domes. gothic age architecture - ansstained glass, pointed arches and ribbed vaulting Andrea Palladio - ansarchitect who like a statue at every corner Le Corbusier - ansFrench 20th century architect Christopher Wren - ansarchitect refurbished St. Paul's Cathedral Mies van der Rohe - ansUnited States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969) Frank Lloyd Wright - ansConsidered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. flying buttress - ansa brace or support placed on the outside of a building fresco - anspaint onto wet plaster on a wall tempura - ansa technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk gouche - ansOpaque watercolor pieta - ansA painting, drawing, or sculpture of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, holding the dead body of Jesus. The word means "pity" in Italian. renaissance - ansrebirth mannerism - ansa style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own "manner" or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance. neo-classic period - ansrefers to the classical revival in European art, architecture, and interior design that lasted from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century french female pose - anssubject is lying down away from the artist and looking over her shoulder dada school - ansschool of nonsense and anti-art Giotto - ansFrescoe painter, founded flourentine school, realisitc poses Donatello - ansItalian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David. Da Vinci - anspainter, sculpter, architect, engineer, musician; invented the court painter of the king of France; "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper"(classical), "Vitruvian Man"(anatomy) El Greco - ansMannerism painter Rembrandt - ansHe used light and shadows to convey moods and emotions-Painted the Blinding of Samson Peter Paul Rubens - ansFlemish Baroque painter who had assistants complete parts of his work Vermeer - ansA Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things. Jean Fragonard - ansPainted "The Bathers"
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Handel - ansa prolific German baroque composer remembered best for his oratorio Messiah (1685-1759) Scott Joplin - ansknown for ragtime music, piano player. Composed "The Entertainment" Andre Previn - anscomposer, conductor and pianist Arnold Schoenberg - ansThe creator of the twelve-tone system of atonal music. Mozart and Richard Strauss - ansBoth wrote music based on Don Juan Stravinsky - ansComposed "Rite of Spring" Tchaikovsky - ansImportant Russian composer whose works are noted for their expressive melodies "1812 Overture" and "The Nutcracker" Verdi and Puccini - answrote operas New Orleans - ansPlace known for the earliest documented Jazz allegro - ansfast andante - ansslow presto - ansfast minuetto - ansa dance bel canto - ansbeautiful Italian singing Libretto - ansthe text of the opera madrigal - ansa capella singers oratorio - ansa musical composition for voices and orchestra sitar - ansa stringed guitar-like instrument from India ballet - ansA theatrical representation of a story performed to music by ballet dancers. Originally based on court dance Martha Graham - ansFamous ballet dancer, known as "the mother of dance" Serge Diaghilev - ansRussian critic who founded the Ballet Russe Pavane and the Polonaise - anscourt dances Alfred Hitchcock - answas an iconic and highly influential British filmmaker and producer, who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. Thomas Edison - anscreated the motion picture titled "The Kiss" D.W. Griffith - anscarried the motion picture into the new era with his silent epics (The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, etc.) which introduced serious plots and elaborate productions to filmmaking. Federico Fellini - ansItalian director that made films of fantasy and boroque style. "La Dolce Vita" Al Jolson - ansMade the first talking movie in 1927..The "Jazz Singer" Eisenstein - ansRussian film maker who pioneered the use of montage and is considered among the most influential film makers in the history of motion pictures Lillian Gish - ansUnited States film actress who appeared in films by D. W. Griffith (1896-
Penny Marshall - ansFemale Movie Director/Producer who motivated women to do film...Big, A League of Their Own, Jumping Jack Flash Issac Asimov - ansscience fiction writer Jane Austen - ansWrote Pride and Prejudice
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Bronte Sisters - answere English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Known as the Bell Brothers.."Wuthering Heights" Honore de Balzac - ansWrote "The Human Comedy" James Boswell - ansScottish author noted for his biography of Samuel Johnson Ray Bradbury - ansAmerican Science Fiction writer.."Fahrenheit 451" Mathew Brady - ansfamous photographer of the Civil War - brought the war to the people Pearl Buck - ansnovelist who won Nobel Peace prize, advanced humanitarian causes. "Americans in China" Cervantes - ansSpanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) Joseph Conrad - ansAuthor of Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim Stephen Crane - ansauthor of The Red Badge of Courage Simone De Beauvoir - ansFrench feminist who wrote the treatise titled " The Second Sex" Daniel Defoe - answrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel Charles Dickens - ansRealist novelist, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities. Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, The Pickwick Papers Alexander Dumas - answrote "The Three Musketeers" and "The Man in the Iron Mask" and The Count of Monte-Cristo Paul Lawrence Dunbar - ansAfrican American writer who wrote Oak and Ivy and about the lives of slavery William Faulkner - ansTwentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot. F. Scott Fitzgerald - answriter of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age" Langston Hughes - ansAfrican American author of the Harlem Renaissance. Victor Hugo - answrote "Les Miserables" which criticized the French Revolution James Joyce - ansAn Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book based loosely on Odyssey Niccolo Machiavelli - ans(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." Mary McCarthy - ansUnited States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989) Herman Melville - answrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet Pilgrim's Progress - ansstory of man, Christian, journey faces hobglobins/dragons Francois Rabelais - ansFormer monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor. George Sand - ansFrench female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women Richard Sheridan - ansWrote Rivals Edmund Spenser - ansauthor of Faerie Queene in Elizabethan era, one of the greatest moral epics in any language
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Macbeth - ansone of Duncan's generals; wants to become King of Scotland; murders Duncan and slays anyone in the way of his kingship Merchant of Venice - ansBessanio along with others are courting a girl, they have to pick a certain box, Bessanio picks the right one and is allowed to marry her Merry Wives of Windsor - ansFaulstaf wants sends identical love letters to two women, they are friends and read them together, they want to get him back so they trick him, their husbands think they are cheating on them so they want to catch them, the wives tell them of their trick and the husbands get involved, they make a fool out of Faulstaf Othello - anstragic figure of the play, moorish general, desdemonas husband pop art - ansan artistic movement that emerged in the early 1960s; pop artists took images from popular culture and transformed them into works of fine art mosaics - anspatterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors sculpture - ansthree dimensional work of art, statue bust - ansa sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person obelisk - anstall, 4 sided pillar of stone that rises to a point multi-media - ansusing two or more types of media together to create an art object such as glitter or beads on a painting louise nevelson - ansassembled architectural sculptures of "found" wooden objects and used them to construct screens of boxes of varied sizes which she painted in monochromatic colors. constantin brancusi - ans(1876) 19th-20th c. Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms (The Kiss; Bird in Space) cellini - ansgoldsmith and sculptor, wrote one of the first autobiographies barbara hepworth - ansBritish abstract sculptor michelangelo - ansItalian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David. henry moore - ansabstract sculptor who used rounding techniques and very little detail alexander calder - ansUnited States sculptor who first created mobiles and stabiles (1898-
hagia sophia - ansMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Constructed of interlocking domes. gothic age architecture - ansstained glass, pointed arches and ribbed vaulting Andrea Palladio - ansarchitect who like a statue at every corner Le Corbusier - ansFrench 20th century architect Christopher Wren - ansarchitect refurbished St. Paul's Cathedral Mies van der Rohe - ansUnited States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969) Frank Lloyd Wright - ansConsidered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. flying buttress - ansa brace or support placed on the outside of a building
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
fresco - anspaint onto wet plaster on a wall tempura - ansa technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk gouche - ansOpaque watercolor pieta - ansA painting, drawing, or sculpture of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, holding the dead body of Jesus. The word means "pity" in Italian. renaissance - ansrebirth mannerism - ansa style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own "manner" or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance. neo-classic period - ansrefers to the classical revival in European art, architecture, and interior design that lasted from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century french female pose - anssubject is lying down away from the artist and looking over her shoulder dada school - ansschool of nonsense and anti-art Giotto - ansFrescoe painter, founded flourentine school, realisitc poses Donatello - ansItalian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David. Da Vinci - anspainter, sculpter, architect, engineer, musician; invented the court painter of the king of France; "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper"(classical), "Vitruvian Man"(anatomy) El Greco - ansMannerism painter Rembrandt - ansHe used light and shadows to convey moods and emotions-Painted the Blinding of Samson Peter Paul Rubens - ansFlemish Baroque painter who had assistants complete parts of his work Vermeer - ansA Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things. Jean Fragonard - ansPainted "The Bathers" Delacroix - ansMost important of the French Romantic painters; profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists. Monet - ansFrench impressionist painter Renoir - ansFrench impressionist painter; nude female paintings Degas - ansFrench Painter, Impressionism, did horses and ballet dancers Seurat - ansFrench Painter, Post impressionism, pointellism (using several small dots of color to create a larger image)Sunday Afternoon on the island of La Grande Jatte Aubrey Beardsley - ansFamous for black and white erotic paintings Gilbert Stuart - ansUnited States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington Picasso - ansA Spanish painter best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. "Guernica" Remington - ansprotrayed the west by painting cowhands and natives Salvador Dali - ansSpanish surrealist painter Joan Miro - ansSpanish surrealist painter Andrew Wyeth - ansAmerican realist painter, "Christina's World"
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Libretto - ansthe text of the opera madrigal - ansa capella singers oratorio - ansa musical composition for voices and orchestra sitar - ansa stringed guitar-like instrument from India ballet - ansA theatrical representation of a story performed to music by ballet dancers. Originally based on court dance Martha Graham - ansFamous ballet dancer, known as "the mother of dance" Serge Diaghilev - ansRussian critic who founded the Ballet Russe Pavane and the Polonaise - anscourt dances Alfred Hitchcock - answas an iconic and highly influential British filmmaker and producer, who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. Thomas Edison - anscreated the motion picture titled "The Kiss" D.W. Griffith - anscarried the motion picture into the new era with his silent epics (The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, etc.) which introduced serious plots and elaborate productions to filmmaking. Federico Fellini - ansItalian director that made films of fantasy and boroque style. "La Dolce Vita" Al Jolson - ansMade the first talking movie in 1927..The "Jazz Singer" Eisenstein - ansRussian film maker who pioneered the use of montage and is considered among the most influential film makers in the history of motion pictures Lillian Gish - ansUnited States film actress who appeared in films by D. W. Griffith (1896-
Penny Marshall - ansFemale Movie Director/Producer who motivated women to do film...Big, A League of Their Own, Jumping Jack Flash Issac Asimov - ansscience fiction writer Jane Austen - ansWrote Pride and Prejudice Bronte Sisters - answere English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Known as the Bell Brothers.."Wuthering Heights" Honore de Balzac - ansWrote "The Human Comedy" James Boswell - ansScottish author noted for his biography of Samuel Johnson Ray Bradbury - ansAmerican Science Fiction writer.."Fahrenheit 451" Mathew Brady - ansfamous photographer of the Civil War - brought the war to the people Pearl Buck - ansnovelist who won Nobel Peace prize, advanced humanitarian causes. "Americans in China" Cervantes - ansSpanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) Joseph Conrad - ansAuthor of Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim Stephen Crane - ansauthor of The Red Badge of Courage Simone De Beauvoir - ansFrench feminist who wrote the treatise titled " The Second Sex" Daniel Defoe - answrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel Charles Dickens - ansRealist novelist, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities. Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, The Pickwick Papers
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Alexander Dumas - answrote "The Three Musketeers" and "The Man in the Iron Mask" and The Count of Monte-Cristo Paul Lawrence Dunbar - ansAfrican American writer who wrote Oak and Ivy and about the lives of slavery William Faulkner - ansTwentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot. F. Scott Fitzgerald - answriter of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age" Langston Hughes - ansAfrican American author of the Harlem Renaissance. Victor Hugo - answrote "Les Miserables" which criticized the French Revolution James Joyce - ansAn Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book based loosely on Odyssey Niccolo Machiavelli - ans(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." Mary McCarthy - ansUnited States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989) Herman Melville - answrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet Pilgrim's Progress - ansstory of man, Christian, journey faces hobglobins/dragons Francois Rabelais - ansFormer monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor. George Sand - ansFrench female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women Richard Sheridan - ansWrote Rivals Edmund Spenser - ansauthor of Faerie Queene in Elizabethan era, one of the greatest moral epics in any language Jonathan Swift - ansPossibly the most famous English satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal, Swift (1667 - 1745) was a clergyman and Irishman, which often made hilarious impact in his writings (such as A Tale of a Tub and the aforementioned Modest Proposal). Leo Tolstoy - answrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction Mark Twain - ansPen name of the novelist and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn Jules Verne - ans20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Around the World in Eighty Days. He is considered the Father of Science Fiction. Mary Wollstonecraft - ansAn English writer who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women", arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be so because of lack of education Mary Shelley - answrote "Frankenstein" which was a criticism of man controlling nature, "Gothic literature" Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft Samuel Beckett - ansWrote Waiting for Godot. The only scenery for the play was a cyclorama (a giant curtain onthe back of the stage) and a single tree with one branch and one leaf.
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
No Greek Equivalent/Janus - ansGod of Doors and beginnings and endings Hera/Juno - ansGoddess of Marriage Zeus/Jupiter aka Jove - ansThe King of the Gods and the God of the sky Ares/Mars - ansGod of War Hermes/Mercury - ansMessenger of the Gods and Finance Pallas Athena/Minerva - ansGoddess of Wisdom Poseidon/Neptune - ansGod of the Sea Hades/Pluto - ansGod of the Underworld and Death Kronos/Saturn - ansGod of Time, Harvest and Agriculture Aphrodite/Venus - ansGoddess of Love and Beauty Hestia/Vesta - ansGoddess of the Hearth, the Home and the Roman state Hephaestus/Vulcan - ansGod of Fire, the Forge and Blacksmiths Greek Philosophers Before Socrates - ansPre-Socrates Pythagoras - ans6th Century B.C., a Greek philosopher and mathematician, founder of a religous movement called Pythagoreanism Thales - ans"Father of Western Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water. Parmenides - ansa pre-socratic Greek philosopher born in Italy. Denied the existence of time, plurality, and motion. NO Change. Founder of Metaphysics. Heraclitus - ansa presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (All is change). Zeno - ansancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC) Socrates - ansGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth. Believed writing distorted ideas. His ideas were recorded by his followers (Plato). Atomism - ansThe idea that matter is made out of atoms Atomists - ansLeucippus and Democritus Plato - ansone of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization. Explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic. In his ideal state, the people were divided into three different groups. Aristotle - ansGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. Paleolithic - ansthe "old" stone age, during which humankind produced the first sculptures and paintings Neolithic - ansthe last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery Classical Period - ansThe works of ancient Greece and Rome; Homer, Sophocles, and Aeschylus. Major philosophers included Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Aristotle's Poetics
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
described the art of tragedy; Socrates set down the foundation for a humanist philosophy later expanded upon during the Enlightenment. korai - ansclothed upright statues of women, often of goddesses (generally the Archaic period) Kouroi - ansfree-standing statues of nude male youths Doric - ansa plain, sturdy column with a plain capital Ionic - ansa taller, thinner column with scroll shapes on its capital Corinthian - ansthe most slender and ornate of the three Greek columns. Known for its decorative capital of delicately carved acanthus leaves. Tragic Playwrights - ansEuripidedes, Aeschylus, and Sophodes Historians - ansThucydides and Herodotus Moral Philosophers - ansPlato and Aristotle Hellenistic Period - ansthat culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms Roman Basilica - ansThe basis for early Christian architecture; , created in the period of recognition, it had a dome shape at both ends similar to an apse, it had libaries, and it's official meaning was a meeting place in which the romans would meet to discuss things Augustine Age - ansparalleled the age of roman literature under augustus followed the greeks Trompe l'oeil - ansFrench for "fool the eye." A two-dimensional representation that is so naturalistic that it looks actual or real (or three-dimensional). Medieval Architecture - ansMovement in Church design towards theme of "Christ, the Light of the World", Gothic structure (reflected God's transcendence, power, and beauty). Built higher, allowed large stain glass windows. Served as visual catechism for those living during the middle ages. Byzantine Style - ansNoted for its rich use of ornamental domes, colorful mosaics, and lavish decorations Church of San Vitale - anschurch in Ravenna, Italy built by Justinian. Known for color, mosaics, and gold. Romanesque Style - ansarchitectural style of medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, decorative arcading. Crossed England from France. Hagia Sophia - ansMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Celtic Art - ansart produced from c. 450 BC to c. 700 AD by the Celts; mostly portable objects; Stone carvings, Crosses with interlace patterns, metal work, manuscripts Book of Durrow - ansthe oldest surviving complete illuminated gospel book in the insular style; probably created between 650-700 in Northumbria (northern England/southern Scotland) Lindisfarne Gospel - ans698-721. hiberno-saxon. mix of christian imagery & northern animal interlace style. classical style: curtain
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Ghiberti - ansThe Italian sculptor and goldsmith who was best known for the doors to the baptistery of Florence's cathedral, and another set of doors which was called "The Gates to Paradise". He also wrote one of the earliest autobiographies by an artist, which is crucial to those studying the art and culture of the time (1378-1455). Botticelli - ansOne of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus Allegory - ansA story were characters or objects represent abstract idea or qualities. i.e. Goodness, Evil, Love, Death, etc... Alliteration - ansThe repetition of initial constant sounds. Example: The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. Apostrophe - ansAddressing of a person or thing that is not actually their. Example: Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?! Denouement - ansThe final unraveling of the plot in any story. Didactic-ism - ansLiterature whose primary aim is to expound some moral, political, or other teaching. Epic - ansAn epic is a longer poem written in lofty style, presenting characters of high social class in a series of adventures. It is tied to one hero of epic proportions, yet the entire poem details the history of a nation or race. Example: the Odyssey and Iliad. Hyperbole - ansGross exaggeration for effect, not to be taken literately. Example: My feet are "KILLING" me. Imagery - ansThe language used to represent things, actions, or ideas, in a descriptive manner. Example: the brook, babbling and bubbling around rocks and stones. Irony - ansA contradiction of a story as it appears to its characters, and what the audience knows as true. Metaphor - ansImplied comparison between two normally unrelated things, indicating a likeness between them. Words can also be used to replace other words. Example: His room is a dump. Onomatopoeia - ansThe use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning. i.e. hiss, hiss, buzz, buzz. Personification - ansFigure of speech that give human traits to animals, objects, or ideas. Example: the storm lashed the naked, helpless shore. Satire - ansIs a form of writing that blends criticism with humor and wit. Ridiculing with purpose of inspiring reform. Simile - ansA direct comparison of two unlike things using "like" or "as". Example: John swims like a fish. Symbolism - ansThe use of an object to represent another object or idea. Theme - ansThe central or dominating idea of a work. Iambic pattern - ansShort-Long Trochaic pattern - ansLong-Short Anapestic Pattern - ansShort-Short-Long Dactylic - ansLong-Short-Short Spondaic Pattern - ansLong-Long Pyrrhic Pattern - ansShort-Short
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Monometer - ansone-foot line Dimeter - anstwo-foot line Trimeter - ansthree-foot line Tetrameter - ansfour-foot line Pentameter - ansfive-foot line Hexameter - anssix-foot line Heptameter - ansseven-foot line Octometer - anseight-foot line Meter - ansThe repeating pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables established in a line of poetry Foot - ansOne unit of meter in poetry What does the symbol ' mean in poetry? - ansA long syllable What does the symbol U mean in poetry? - ansA short syllable Rhymed Verse - ansPoetry that rhymes at the end of lines Blank Verse - ansPoetry written in iambic pentameter without end rhyme Free Verse - ansConsists of lines that do not have regular meter or rhyme What is the Rhyme Scheme? - ansIt is assigning lines that have the same rhyme at the end, a matching letter. Zeus/Jupiter - ansGod of rain, clouds, thunderbolts. Hera/Juno - ansGod of Marriage Poseidon/Neptune - ansGod of the sea Hades/Pluto - ansGod of the underworld, and wealth Apollo - ansGod of sun, light, truth, healing Aphrodite/Venus - ansGod of love and beauty Athena/Minerva - ansGod of Wisdom Ares/Mars - ansGod of War Artemis/Diana - ansGod of Wildlife The Muses - ansGods of Inspiration for literature, Science, and the arts Hermes/Mercury - ansGod of Commerce, The messenger of Zeus Dionysus/Bacchus - ansGod of Wine and Theatre The Iliad - ansStory of a Great battle between Greece and Troy Greek Corinthian - ansWhat type of Column is shown? (Decorated with flowers) Greek Doric - ansWhat type of column is shown? (Simple, plain shaft) Greek Ionic - ansWhat type of column is shown? (Scrolls, taller) The Parthenon - ansWhat building is shown? (Built in Athens around 450BC) The Panthenon - ansWhat building is shown? (Built in Rome) Post and Lintel - ansLion's Gate at Mycenae was constructed with the _______ ____ ________ system, or a large stone horizontal beam resting on two vertical ones. IM Pei - ansWho is the architect of this building? (Uses glass walls, abstract, etc.) Hagia Sophia - ansAn example of Byzantine architecture, name this church. John Roebling - ansWho designed the Brooklyn bridge? Flying buttresses - ansExternal support for the walls of Gothic buildings was provided by what?
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Hans-Georg Gadamer - ans- student of Martin Heidegger
- wrote "Truth and Method"
- considered to be the father of Hermeneutics
- Gadamer largely argued that it is impossible to be unbiased in anything, and even historical accounts are forever biased by our own experiences. As factual as a historical summary may be, the way we interpret it is still to compare with our own life experiences, which are not the same experiences shared by those who experienced the historical events firsthand. Manichaeism - ansIs the belief that Satan represented all things material, and God all things of light; each human being is a composite of matter (Satan) and godly light (God), and suffered not from sin, but from contact with matter. Founded by Mani, who believed himself a descendent of both Buddha and Plato, Manichaeism does not endorse the notion of personal sin—to followers, sin was a physical, tangible concept. The religion was divided into two classes—the elect, who were guaranteed a happy afterlife due to their lifetime of celibacy and religious teachings, and the auditors, who tended to the elect and hoped to be reborn as elect in the next life. Islam - ans- founded by the prophet Mohammad
- Followers, called Muslims, go by the book of the Qur'an, the word of God as told to Mohammed. There are five basic principles to Islam: first, there is only one God, and Mohammed is the only mouthpiece of God; second, five daily ritual prayers; third, paying a religious tax; fourth, fasting during sunlight during the month of Ramadan; and fifth, traveling to Mecca to reunify the nation of Islam (a pilgrimage taken by many each year). Buddhists - ans- believe in the four noble truths: existence is suffering, suffering is caused by need, suffering can cease, and there is a path to the cessation of suffering.
- Though Buddhists do not believe in a god, they follow the teachings of the mortal Buddha, who through much meditation finally discovered the Truth and sought to share the experience with others. Buddhists follow five basic rules: no stealing, no promiscuity, no lying, no drinking, and no killing. Confucianism - ans- based on the practices of li and jen.
- was based on the ethical system of being neighborly-—it stressed healthy friendships (jen), and proper etiquette and manners when around others (li). Kind, generous, and genuine conduct with both superiors and inferiors is the way to ensure one will be well-treated themselves. Taoism - ans- both describes the Chinese manner of thought, and a major Chinese religion.
- Largely adopted from Buddhism, Taoism incorporates many gods, the head of which is the Jade Emperor, with the Emperor of the Eastern Mountain serving as second-in-command. It was developed to meet the emotional needs of the people that Confucianism was not addressing. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Taoism was denounced, but many followers exist outside of China today. Lao Tzu - ans- known as the Father of Taoism
- Sixth century B.C. philosopher Lao Tzu (or 'Old Sage') is credited with starting the philosophy of Taoism. Some scholars believe that he was a slightly older contemporary of Confucius. Brahmans - ans- members of the highest caste in Hinduism
Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
100% Certified by expert.
Kshatriyas - ans- the warrior caste in Hinduism Vaishyas - ans- the farmer/ merchant caste in Hinduism Shudras - ans- laborer caste in Hinduism Friedrich Nietzsche - ans- German philosopher born in 1844
- More of a moralist than a philosopher (though his name is arguably the most widely recognized), Nietzsche hated Western civilization with a passion and spent much of his time denouncing it. He believed in a superman that would bring salvation, an ordinary man who could will himself to power and live at the height of passion and creativity. Georg W. F. Hegel - ans- published Phenomenology of Mind in 1807 and Philosophy of Right in 1821
- According to the Hegelian dialectic, one thought (i.e. being) invariably leads to a thought of its antithesis (not being), and the two must come together to form an entirely new thought (becoming). This work affirmed logic—-specifically, the logic of language—-as the foundation of the world. Immanuel Kant - ans- German metaphysician
- began his string of successful philosophical publications with Critique of Pure Reason in
- Kant believed that reality extended only so far as an individual's personal degree of "knowing," and it is impossible to "know" things that one cannot experience firsthand. Therefore, intangibles such as God, freedom, and immortality cannot be known or proven. After publishing Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, he was ordered by the government to refrain from future writings on the topic of religion. Jean Jacques Rousseau - ansRousseau caused considerable conflict over the years with his open expectation of the impending fall of humanity. He believed that humanity was inherently good, but once corrupted by civilization, there was no turning back. Rene Descartes - ans- penned the famous phrase "I think, therefore I am."
- Perhaps better known for his contributions to geometry than philosophy (the Cartesian plane is named after him), Descartes is actually considered the founder of modern rationalism. John Locke - ans- wrote Two Treatises on Government
- also published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding to outline the principles of empiricism. Thomas Hobbes - ans- wrote Leviathan, and believed that human life on its own was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
- argued for a strong, even brutal government in order to keep humanity from becoming savages. Epicureans - ans- are a sect of hedonism (Pursuit of or devotion to pleasure) that believes that pleasure of the mind, not just the senses, is the ultimate good.
- Thoroughly defended by Ancient Greek philosophers, the base of this belief system is that the goal of every action should be increased, long-term pleasure. Aristotle - ans- was Alexander the Great's tutor and a student of Plato
- He disagreed with Plato that form and matter could be perceived as two separate things, and wrote such works as Rhetoric, Poetics, and Metaphysics.
