Download HUN 1201 MIDTERM EXAM 2025 SUMMER-FALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity!
HUN 1201 MIDTERM EXAM 2025 SUMMER-
FALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED
A+
These are the building blocks for making and repairing body tissues.
Amino acids
What chemicals found in fruits and vegetables appear to have cancer-fighting properties
Phytochemicals
What is nutrigenetics?
Nutrigenetics through human gene mapping helps scientists learn how slight variations in our genetic code affect our nutrient needs and susceptibility to particular diseases.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is a state of dynamic equilibrium within the body's internal environment—a balance achieved through the control of various interrelated physiologic mechanisms.
What are the functions of macronutrients?
The macronutrients—carbohydrates fats and protein—supply energy and build tissue.
What are the three general functions of nutrients?
To provide energy To build and repair body tissues and structures To regulate the metabolic processes that maintain homeostasis and support life
Which groups of people are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness?
Older adults children (especially under the age of 5) pregnant women and patients with compromised immune function (e.g. due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] or cancer)
Name the four secretions that chemically digest food.
Enzymes Hydrochloric acid and buffer ions Mucus Water and electrolytes
What are foods broken down into through digestion?
Glucose (from carbohydrates) amino acids (from proteins) and fatty acids (from fats)
What are prebiotics?
Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates mostly polysaccharides that promote the growth of favorable microbes: lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.
What influences the rate of stomach emptying?
The kcaloric density of a meal along with its volume and composition influence the rate of stomach emptying.
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or "heartburn" is the reflux of the acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus.
What is peristalsis?
Rhythmic sweeping waves along the digestive tract that push the food mass forward
What prevents food from moving backward in the GI tract?
Muscle sphincters—pyloric ileocecal and anal—act as valves to prevent reflux or backflow and keep the food mass moving in a forward direction.
What regulates the rate and intensity of muscle contractions controls the speed at which the food mass moves along the tract and coordinates the digestive process including the secretion of enzymes and digestive juices?
An interrelated network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall called the intramural nerve plexus
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
How far do you have to walk to burn 100 kcal?
About 1 mile
In the past 40 years patterns of food consumption have changed dramatically. Name three changes.
Increased size of food packages and restaurant portions increased portion sizes in general rising consumption of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and sugar-sweetened beverages and increased intake of inexpensive and palatable foods high in fat and sugar
List five treatment methods for overweight and obesity.
Diet exercise behavior therapy medication and surgery
This hormone produced by the GI tract stimulates food intake.
Ghrelin
Type 2 diabetes is associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. List potential complications associated with diabetes.
Blindness heart disease renal failure and amputation
Name the three monosaccharides.
Glucose fructose and galactose
What are the health benefits of dietary fiber?
Dietary fiber increases fecal mass/promotes laxation binds bile acids and cholesterol promotes growth of beneficial colonic microflora and slows the rise in blood glucose and insulin levels.
What does the brain use for energy?
Glucose
What form of carbohydrate may cause abdominal distress or exert a laxative effect if eaten in a large quantity?
Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol mannitol and xylitol
What is glycogen?
Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles; is used to protect cells especially brain cells from depressed metabolic function and injury; and supports urgent muscle responses.
What is our primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What is the composition of granulated sugar?
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Which carbohydrates are high in fiber and are good choices when increasing carbohydrate intake?
Whole grains legumes fruits and vegetables
Cholesterol can be found in animal foods such as egg yolk meat milk and cheese. However it can also be synthesized in
The liver
How is fat digested?
Most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine. Fats are emulsified by bile acids. Then lipase primarily from the pancreas breaks down triglycerides into individual fatty acids for absorption and later use.
How many calories per gram do fats yield?
9 calories per gram
Name the roles of the essential fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid.
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid promote skin integrity regulation of blood cholesterol growth gene expression immune function aggregation of blood platelets and synthesis of hormone-like agents.
What role does fat play in our diet?
Fats provide energy supply essential fatty acids support absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins add to food palatability and promote satiety..
How does the body deal with excess protein supplied by the diet?
Amino acids are broken down and used for energy or stored as fat.
How many calories per gram do proteins yield?.
4 calories per gram
Name two hormones that are proteins.
Insulin and thyroxin
Protein balance refers to what?
Protein balance refers to the steady state between protein synthesis (anabolism) and protein breakdown (catabolism).
What are indispensable amino acids?
Indispensable (essential) amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied by food. Of the 20 amino acids used to build body proteins nine are essential.
What are the physiologic roles of amino acids in our bodies?
All amino acids participate in tissue growth and maintenance. Some also have metabolic roles such as forming neurotransmitters for brain and nerve function forming other amino acids forming hormones supporting immune function and maintaining fluid balance.
What is an incomplete protein?
An incomplete protein either supplies less than the required amount of one or more indispensable (essential) amino acids or is missing an indispensable amino acid. Incomplete proteins are mostly plant proteins.
What is the amino acid score based on?
Protein digestibility and amino acid composition
What is the fibrous protein found in muscle called?
Myosin
What plasma protein is a carrier protein for drugs hormones enzymes and trace elements?
Albumin
If ingested in excess which fat-soluble vitamins may cause toxicity?
Vitamin E also called tocopherol
What group of phytochemicals is found in yellow and orange vegetables and fruits and is converted to vitamin A in the body?
Carotenoids
What are the functional roles of vitamin K?
Blood clotting bone metabolism
Which vitamins have important metabolic roles as coenzyme partners with cell enzymes that control energy metabolism and build tissues?
B vitamins
A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is caused by a deficiency of what trace mineral?
Iodine
Drinking orange juice with a vitamin and mineral supplement will increase the absorption of what trace mineral?
Iron
Name the seven major minerals.
Calcium phosphorus sodium potassium magnesium chloride and sulfur
The rate of absorption of this major mineral is strongly influenced by physiologic conditions over the life cycle including growth pregnancy lactation and older age.
Calcium
These two major minerals play a role in water balance acid-base balance and muscle action.
Sodium and potassium
What are the three hormones that work together to maintain calcium balance?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) the vitamin D hormone calcitriol and the hormone calcitonin
What major mineral plays a key role in regulating neuromuscular stimulation transmission of electrochemical impulses and contraction of muscle fibers including the heart muscle
Potassium
What trace mineral is particularly important in growth periods such as pregnancy and lactation infancy and childhood and adolescence?
Zinc is necessary for tissue growth to progress at normal rates.
Name the three forms of eating disorders that have clear diagnostic criteria.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder
One pound of body weight equals how many kcalories?
3500
What are some of the long-term consequences of continual weight gain over time?
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes high blood pressure cardiovascular disease metabolic disease gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) obstructive sleep apnea osteoarthritis pulmonary disease and certain cancers
What are the three sources of stored energy in the body? When are each of these used
Glycogen (used for short-term energy needs) muscle mass (last resort for energy needs after glycogen and adipose stores are depleted) and adipose (fat) tissue (used for energy once glycogen stores are exhausted)
What three factors contribute to total energy expenditure?
Basal metabolism (measure of energy required to maintain the body at rest) food intake effect (thermic effect of food) and physical activity
Why is the apple-shaped body at greater risk than the pear-shaped body?
Because abdominal (visceral) fat contributes to high blood lipid levels and raises the risk of cardiovascular disease extra weight around one's middle carries greater risk for most people than extra weight on the hips or thighs.
What three factors contribute to total energy expenditure?
Basal metabolism, ______________________________, __________________________________
