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Where to find hydrogen bonds?
Hydrogen
bonding
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Understanding Hydrogen Bonds: Types, Strength, and Interactions, Study notes of Chemistry
An in-depth exploration of hydrogen bonds, explaining their unique nature as electrostatic and covalent interactions between a hydrogen atom bonded to two or more atoms. It covers various aspects of hydrogen bonds, including their strength, types, and the role of donor and acceptor atoms. The document also discusses how to investigate and characterize hydrogen bonds using techniques like X-ray and neutron diffraction, NMR, IR, Raman, and INS.
What you will learn
- What is the electrostatic nature of hydrogen bonds?
- What techniques can be used to investigate and characterize hydrogen bonds?
- How does the strength of hydrogen bonds vary between weak and strong bonds?
- What are the collective effects that influence the strength of hydrogen bonds?
- What role do donor and acceptor atoms play in hydrogen bonds?
Typology: Study notes
2021/2022
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Hydrogen^ bonding Where to find hydrogen bonds?
Hydrogen^ bonding
WHAT IS A HYDROGEN BOND? Ahydrogen bond exists when a hydrogen atom is bonded to twoor more other atoms, a donor atom X and an acceptor atom Y. Since the hydrogen atom has only one orbital (1s) at sufficientlylow energy, hydrogen bonds are mainly electrostatic in naturebut covalent and repulsive orbital-orbital interactions are alsopresent. Depending on the type of X and Y, there
are strong and weak
hydrogen bonds. In the case ofweak and very weak hydrogen bonds, hydrogenbonding is mainly electrostatic in nature. In the case ofstrong and very strong hydrogen bonds, covalentbonding phenomena are also of some importance. This^ means^ that^ hydrogen
bonds^ are^ something
special.
Hydrogen Enthalpies of some hydrogen bonded systems and transitions
bonding
Hydrogen Normal boiling points of p-block binary hydrogen compounds
bonding
The crystal structure of ice. The largecycles represent O atoms. The H atomsare placed between the O atoms.
Hydrogen^ bonding for^ Y = O this^ leads^ to^ HO cages in the clathrate^2
hydrate Cl.(HO). O atoms occupy^22 7.25intersections H atoms the lines. Structure building of hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen^ bonding Types and structure building of hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen^ Structure building of hydrogen bonds
bonding
Hydrogen^ Structure building of hydrogen bonds
bonding
Potential energy curves for X-H
…X bonds with (a) double-minimum for weak and (b) single-minimum for strong H-
Hydrogen^ bonding^ bonds
…………...… (a) Cl—HCl^ ……....……..(b) FHF 137 185 pm 113 113
Infrared spectra of pure (bottom) and diluted (top) Isopropanol showing the shift and the broadening of the O-H stretching band by
Hydrogen^ bonding hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen^ bonding How to investigate/characterize hydrogen bonds? By systematic investigation of isotypic compounds
and correlation of the structural, spectroscopic and theoretical data
Hydrogen^ bonding OH H2O
SO3SO