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IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and Control Exam 1 Practice Questions and Answers, Exams of Community Health

A comprehensive overview of infection prevention and control concepts, including definitions of key terms, the chain of infection, risk factors for healthcare-associated infections (hais), major sites of hais, and the nursing process for assessing, planning, and implementing infection control measures. It covers topics such as aseptic technique, standard precautions, and laboratory values indicative of infection. The document also outlines specific infection control precautions for airborne and contact transmission. This resource is likely intended to help healthcare professionals, particularly those preparing for the iahcsmm infection prevention and control exam, to understand and apply essential infection control principles in their clinical practice.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/21/2024

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IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and Control
Exam 1 Practice Questions and Answers
100% Pass | Graded A+
David Mungai [Date] [Course title]
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Download IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and Control Exam 1 Practice Questions and Answers and more Exams Community Health in PDF only on Docsity!

IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and Control

Exam 1 Practice Questions and Answers

100% Pass | Graded A+

David Mungai [Date] [Course title]

IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and

Control Exam 1 Practice Questions and

Answers 100% Pass | Graded A+

Infection - Answer>> invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease Colonization - Answer>> occurs when a microorganism invades the host but does not cause infection Communicable infectious disease - Answer>> transmitted from one person to another Symptomatic pathogens - Answer>> multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms Non-symptomatic pathogens - Answer>> multiply but clinical signs and symptoms are not present Hand hygiene is... - Answer>> the most important technique used in preventing and controlling transmission of infection Chain of infection - Answer>> - infectious agent or pathogen

  • reservoir or source for pathogen growth
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host Immunocompromised - Answer>> an impaired immune system
  • stress, HIV/AIDS, age, etc. Virulence - Answer>> the ability to produce disease

Modes of Transmission: vehicles - Answer>> - contaminated items

  • water
  • drugs, solutions
  • blood
  • food (improperly handled, stored, or cooked; fresh or thawed meat) Modes of Transmission: vector - Answer>> - external mechanical transfer (flies)
  • internal transmission such as parasitic conditions between vector and host such as: mosquito, louse, flea
  • tick A patient is admitted to a medical unit for a home-acquired pressure ulcer. The patient has Alzheimer's disease and has been incontinent of urine. The nurse inserts a Foley catheter. A link in the infection chain is A. restraints B. Poor hygiene C. Foley catheter bag D. Improper positioning - Answer>> Answer: C Four stages of infectious process - Answer>> incubation period, prodromal stage, illness stage, convalescence Incubation period - Answer>> Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms

Prodromal stage - Answer>> intervals from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (malaise, low-grade fever, fatigue) to more specific symptoms (During this time microorganisms grow and multiply, and patient may be capable of spreading disease to others.)

  • herpes simplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before the lesion appears Illness stage - Answer>> Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection.
  • strep throat is manifested by sore throat, pain, and swelling; mumps is manifested by high fever, parotid, and salivary gland swelling Convalescence - Answer>> Interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear (Length of recover depends on severity of infection and pt's host resistance; recovery may take several days to months.) localized infection - Answer>> affects local region systemic infection - Answer>> affects entire body Normal flora - Answer>> microorganisms that reside on or in the body that do not usually cause disease when residing in their usual area of body but instead participate in maintaining health Suprainfection - Answer>> new infection that appears during the course of treatment for a primary infection

Types of HAI infections: Endogenous - Answer>> when the patient's flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results Risk Factors for HAIs - Answer>> - Number of health care employees with direct contact with the patient

  • Types and numbers of invasive procedures
  • Therapy received
  • Length of hospitalization Major Sites for HAI Infection: Urinary Tract - Answer>> - unsterile insertion of urinary catheter
  • improper positioning of the draining tubing
  • open draining system
  • catheter and tubing becoming disconnected
  • drainage bag port touching contaminated surface
  • improper specimen collecting technique
  • obstructing or interfering with urinary drainage
  • urine in catheter or drainage tube being allowed to reenter bladder (reflux)
  • repeated catheter irrigations
  • improper perineal hygiene Major Sites for HAI Infection: Surgical or Traumatic Wounds - Answer>> - improper skin preparation before surgery (eg shaving versus clipping hair; not performing a preoperative bath or shower)
  • failure to clean skin surface properly
  • failure to use aseptic technique during operative procedures and dressing changes
  • use of contaminated antiseptic solutions Major Sites for HAI Infection: Respiratory Tract - Answer>> - contaminated respiratory therapy equipment
  • failure to use aseptic technique while suctioning airway
  • improper disposal of secretions Major Sites for HAI Infection: Bloodstream - Answer>> - contamination of IV fluids by tubing
  • insertion of drug additives to IV fluid
  • addition of connecting tube or stopcocks to IV system
  • improper care of needle insertion site
  • contaminated needles or catheters
  • failure to change IV access at first sign of infection or at recommended intervals
  • improper technique during administration of multiple blood products
  • improper care of peritoneal or hemodialysis shunts
  • improper assessing an IV port Factors influencing infection prevention and control - Answer>>
  • Age
  • Nutritional status: illness = increased protein or calorie requirements; impaired intake
  • Stress; increased metabolic rate
  • Disease process: disease of immune system, inability to produce WBCs; general debilitation and nutritional impairment from disease; treatments that reduce immune responses (chemotherapy) Nursing process - Answer>> Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation

D. Place the patient on isolation precautions - Answer>> ANSWER: C Nursing Process: Planning - Answer>> - goals of care applicable to patients with infection

  • setting priorities
  • teamwork and collaboration Planning: Common goals of care applicable to patients with infection often include the following - Answer>> - preventing exposure to infectious organisms
  • controlling or reducing the extent of infection
  • maintaining resistance to infection
  • verbalizing understanding of infection prevention and control techniques (eg hand hygiene) Planning: Setting priorities - Answer>> establish priorities for each diagnosis and for related goals of care Planning: teamwork and collaboration - Answer>> plan care with pt, family and other HCPs Nursing Process: Implementation - Answer>> - Health Promotion
  • Acute care Implementation: Health promotion - Answer>> Preventing an infection from developing or spreading
  • hygiene
  • vaccinations
  • nutrition support
  • rest, stress-reduction

Implementation: acute care - Answer>> Treating an infectious process includes eliminating the infectious organisms and supporting the patient's defenses

  • identify organisms (culture, laboratory)
  • promote healing (vitamins, diet)
  • support patient's own body defense mechanisms When implementing care, consider: - Answer>> - control or elimination of infectious agents
  • control or elimination of reservoirs
  • control of portals of exit and entry
  • control of transmission (hand hygiene, isolation precautions, medical and surgical asepsis) Asepsis - Answer>> absence of pathogenic (disease- producing) microorganisms Aseptic technique - Answer>> practices/procedures that assist in reducing the risk for infection Medical asepsis (clean technique) - Answer>> includes procedures for reducing the number of organisms present a preventing the transfer of organisms Surgical asepsis (sterile technique) - Answer>> prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field for surgery Standard precautions - Answer>> Prevent and control infection and its spread

Surgical asepsis Cough Etiquette - Answer>> Coughing/sneezing into a tissue to prevent microorganisms from spreading to others. Includes properly disposing of tissue into waste receptacle and washing hands as soon as possible. Isolation and Isolation Precautions - Answer>> Isolation is the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases. -Barrier precautions -Standard precautions -Isolation precautions: airborne, droplet, contact, and protective environment Airborne - Answer>> TB, chickenpox Droplet - Answer>> Flu, whooping cough, bacterial meningitis Contact - Answer>> C. difficile, MRSA, VRE, norovirus, RSV Isolation - Answer>> - psychological implications

  • isolation environment
  • personal protective equipment
  • specimen collection
  • bagging of trash or linen
  • patient transport Surgical asepsis - Answer>> - patient preparation
  • sterile field: free of microorganisms and prepared to receive sterile items
  • principles
  • performing sterile procedures

Principles of Surgical Asepsis - Answer>> 1. A sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object.

  1. Only sterile objects may be placed on a sterile field.
  2. A sterile object or field out of the range of vision or an object held below a person's waist is contaminated.
  3. A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air.
  4. When a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet, contaminated surface, the sterile object or field becomes contaminated by capillary action.
  5. Fluid flows in the direction of gravity.
  6. The edges of a sterile field or container are considered to be contaminated. Nursing Process: Evaluation - Answer>> See through the patient's eyes:
  • have the pt's expectations been met? Patient outcomes
  • measure the success of the infection control techniques
  • compare the pt's actual response with expected outcomes
  • if goals are not achieved, determine what steps must be taken reservoir - Answer>> a place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host Ex: humans and animals (hosts), insects, food, water, and organic matter on inanimate surfaces (fomites) frequent reservoirs for HAIs - Answer>> healthcare workers, patients, equipment, and the environment Portal of exit - Answer>> any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave

Indication of infection:

  • decreased in chronic infection Cultures of urine and blood - Answer>> Normal adult values:
  • normally sterile, without microorganisms growth Indication of infection:
  • presence of infectious microorganism growth Cultures and gram stain of wound, sputum, and throat - Answer>> Normal adult values:
  • no WBCs on Gram stain, possible normal flora Indication of infection:
  • presence of infectious microorganism growth and WBCs on Gram stain WBC: Neutrophils - Answer>> 55%-70%
  • increased in acute suppurative (pus-forming) infection,
  • decreased in overwhelming bacterial infection (older adult) WBC: Lymphocytes - Answer>> 20%-40%
  • Increased in chronic bacterial and viral infection
  • decreased in sepsis WBC: Monocytes - Answer>> 2%-8%
  • increased in protozoan, rickettsial, and tuberculosis infection WBC: Eosinphils - Answer>> 1%-4%
  • Increased in parasitic infection WBC: Basophils - Answer>> 0.5%-1.5%
  • normal during infection Airborne precautions (droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns) - Answer>> Infection/condition:
  • measles, chickenpox (varicella), disseminated varicella zoster, pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis Barrier protection:
  • private room, negative-pressure airflow of at least 6 to 12 exchanges per hour via high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration
  • mask or respiratory protection device, N95 respirator (depending on condition) Droplet precautions (droplets larger than 5 microns; being within 3 ft of the pt) - Answer>> Infection/condition:
  • diphtheria (pharyngeal ), rubella, streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia or scarlet fever in infants and young children, pertussis, mumps, mycoplasma pneumonia, meningococcal pneumonia or sepsis, pneumonic plague Barrier protection:
  • private room or cohort patients
  • mask or respirator required (depending on condition) Contact precautions (direct patient or environmental contact) - Answer>> Infection/condition: