IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and Control Exam 1 Questions and Answers, Exams of Community Health

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IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and

Control Exam 1 Questions and Answers

100% Pass | Graded A+

David Mungai [Date] [Course title]

IAHCSMM Infection Prevention and

Control Exam 1 Questions and Answers

100% Pass | Graded A+

Professional standards and guidelines to help control infections - Answer>> -the centers for disease control (CDC) -the agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) -JCAHO or TJC (the joint commission) -Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) -Public Health Department -American Nurses Association (ANA) What is the chain of infection? - Answer>> 1. infectious agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa)

2. reservoir (has to have reservoir to grow--humans, animals, bigs, food, or water)
3. portal of exit (sneezing, coughing)
4. mode of transmission (you can touch it then put in mouth. organisms: need food, water, certain pH, dark and moist area)
5. portal of entry
6. host (have to be susceptible to infection how it exits is same as entry* What are influencing factors? - Answer>> -not well nourished -exhausted -stressed -smokers -medications What are some risk factors that make a person more susceptible to disease? - Answer>> -very old and very young -at risk...chronic diseases -diabetes

What is the course of infection? - Answer>> 1. incubation period: pathogens enters body prior to symptoms

2. prodromal stage: symptoms kind of start (no energy, tired) (miroraganism is multiplying)
3. illness stage: know what's going on, ex-sore throat
4. convalescence: symptoms and infections dissapear but illness is lingering What is the infection process? - Answer>> -local/systemic (stays in one spot ex: UTI) -primary/secondary- Primary: infection happened there. secondary: antibiotics kill primary but cause another infection -acute/chronic (acute: rapid/onset Chronic: lasts for a long time ) -colonization (microorganism in body but not causing disease process ex: MRSA) -latent (lies dormant ex: TB has been cured but dormant and can be activated) Assessment--physical - Answer>> -clinical appearance --intactness of 1st line of defense (any breaks in the skin, health status?) --local symptom of infection ---REDA (redness, edema, drainage, approximation) ---COCA (color, odor, consistency, amount) --systemic symptoms of infection --symptoms specific to body system involved assessment--physical (lab data) - Answer>> -WBC=5,000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood (if WBC count goes up that means theres an infection somewhere) -ESR-presence of inflammation --culture reports (blood cultures, throats swabs Clinical manifestations--local - Answer>> ex: infection in the thumb

-redness -inflammation -heat -pain -drainage -movement -limitation clinical manifestations--systemic - Answer>> -fever -fatigue (malaise) -nausea/vomiting -high HR and respirations -low BP **when heart rate goes up, BP goes down and decreases blood supply to the brain **older people don't get signs but changes in mental health ex: confusion What are the modes of transmission--contact? - Answer>> - direct (physical contact ex: shaking hands with someone who is sick) -indirect (infectious agent deposited on object/surface ex: someone touches table after sick person leaves dirty tissues) -droplet (coughing, sneezing, or during suctioning ex: breathing dirty air, someone coughs in your face) what are the modes of transmission--non contact? - Answer>> - airborne (droplet nuclei suspended in air that contain organisms, suspended in air for a longer period of time) -vehicle (single contaminated source spreads the infection ex: AIDS..some goes out of the country and has sex with someone with AIDS and brings it back and spreads it around the US) -vector-borne (transmission by insect or animals (lyme disease, rabies)

When do you wear gloves? - Answer>> -RF contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes or non-intact skin (cuts) -when handling items/surfaces soiled with blood or body fluids -not worn outside of patients room -do not wash gloves -change gloves as needed What is included in personal protective equipment (PPE)? - Answer>> -gloves -gown -mask -eye protection What is the 1st tier in preventing transmission? - Answer>> - standard precautions --hand washing --PPE --respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette --sharps container What is the 2nd tier of prevention transmission? - Answer>> 3 transmission based categories of precaution

1. airborne
2. droplet
3. contact What is ariborne precautions? - Answer>> transmission via exhalation and or ventilation systems --precautions include.. --private room --negative pressure room (air is filtered before going to the halls) --mask or respiratory protection devise N-95 respirator, depending on the condition (TB)

What are droplet precautions? - Answer>> -spread via moist droplet --transmission via coughing, sneezing (suspend up to 3 ft), touching contaminated objects -precautions include; private room or cohort patients, mask respirator ex: if you bring a pt. to an x-ray from isolation give them a mask to wear on the way What are contact precautions? - Answer>> spreads by direct and indirect contact with patient and their environment -draining wounds, secretions, supplies -precautions include: private room or cohort patients )pt. w /same problem), gown and glove use, disposal of contaminated items in room -dedicated equipment What is protective isolation? - Answer>> -"reverse" isolation -protects the client from organisms -used with immune-compromised client -precautions include: private room likely, nurse with active infection not assigned to clients, mask, hand washing/sterile gown, gloves, do not reuse gowns or gloves. isolation basic principles - Answer>> -good hand hygiene

• proper disposal of contaminated supplies and equipment -use knowledge of disease process -protect all individuals What do you do while working in isolation rooms? - Answer>> - delegation -equipment (take only what is necessary, make sure you don't forget anything, be organized!!) -PPE disposal -hand hygiene -close room door

-do not position client on tubes or objects -never raise a drainage system above the level of the site being drained unless it is clamped off -minimize trauma from tubes by stabilizing catheters -dry, wrinkle free linen surgical asepsis=sterile technique - Answer>> -Any surgical procedure use this technique -procedures that perforate skin --venipuncture --central intravenous lines (IV) --invasive procedures -urinary catheter insertion -nasotracheal suctioning -maintain sterility of equipment What does barrier equipment include? - Answer>> -medical asepsis uses barrier equipment to prevent transmission from infected patient to self or other patients (PPE or PPB) -sterile asepsis used barrier equipment to prevent transmission from self and environment to patient -gowns -masks (regular masks with or without shield) -goggles -gloves--clean and sterile Client education - Answer>> -client susceptibility -break chain of infection (teach patient what to look for to prevent infections) -health promotion --nutrition --hygiene (teach patient) --rest and sleep --exercise and activity

--teach stress management --immunizations --no smoking Health Care Associated infections (nosocomial infections) - Answer>> *an infection acquired in a health-care facility -high health care costs -leading cause of death -preventable with us of aseptic principles/techniques Health care associated infections (HCAI) - Answer>> -majority of organisms causing nosocomial infections are found in colonized body --exogenous: found outside the body --endogenous:normal flora that becomes altered --latrogenic: caused by something we do-->invasive procedure **ex: MRSA, C.diff Common causes and sites of HCAI - Answer>> -common causes: poor hand hygiene, improper procedural techniques (contamination or improper cleaning) -common sites: urinary tract, surgical sites, blood streams mismanagement of antibiotics - Answer>> -using antibiotics to treat viral infections -prescribing antibiotic which is stronger than necessary -using prophylactically for too long -treating symptoms without obtaining culture -using long term antibiotics (Ex: for acne) -incomplete course of antibiotics (important to take all of antibiotic)

--oncology patients --dialysis --immune disorders --those who have received multiple antibiotics --extended hospital stays **dangerous how is VRE transmitted? - Answer>> -hands -clothing -stethoscopes -equipment -countertops, door handles, curtains, telephones how to prevent VRE - Answer>> -hand washing -dedicated equipment -standard precautions -contact isolations -limit transport of patients -appropriate prescribing of antibiotics C. Diff - Answer>> -clostridium difficle -gram-postive and anaerobic bacillus -clinical manifestations -watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain/tenderness **if symptoms appear and patient has been on antibiotics C. Diff transmission - Answer>> -most susceptible include the elderly and prolonged use of antibiotics -transmission: HANDS, mouth-mucous membrane, any surface that becomes contaminated with feces may serve as a reservoir **contact precaution until c.diff is ruled out

how to prevent C.diff - Answer>> -wash hands and use soap and water!!! no alcohol based rubs or foam -clean surfaces in bathrooms, kitchens -use contact precautions -clean environmental services -judicious antibiotic use -isolation rooms -use dedicated equipment (do not take out equipment)