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A comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles related to infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It covers topics such as the chain of infection, influencing factors, sites that can predispose patients to infection, defenses against infection, the infection process, modes of transmission, interventions, personal protective equipment (ppe), isolation precautions, medical and surgical asepsis, and common healthcare-associated infections (hais) like mrsa, vre, and c. Diff. The document aims to help healthcare professionals and students prepare for the iahcsmm infection prevention and control exam by providing detailed explanations and answers to relevant questions. It emphasizes the importance of proper hand hygiene, use of ppe, and adherence to infection control protocols in order to prevent the spread of infections and ensure patient safety.
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David Mungai [Date] [Course title]
Professional standards and guidelines to help control infections - Answer>> -the centers for disease control (CDC) -the agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) -JCAHO or TJC (the joint commission) -Quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) -Public Health Department -American Nurses Association (ANA) What is the chain of infection? - Answer>> 1. infectious agent (bacteria, virus, protozoa)
What is the course of infection? - Answer>> 1. incubation period: pathogens enters body prior to symptoms
-redness -inflammation -heat -pain -drainage -movement -limitation clinical manifestations--systemic - Answer>> -fever -fatigue (malaise) -nausea/vomiting -high HR and respirations -low BP **when heart rate goes up, BP goes down and decreases blood supply to the brain **older people don't get signs but changes in mental health ex: confusion What are the modes of transmission--contact? - Answer>> - direct (physical contact ex: shaking hands with someone who is sick) -indirect (infectious agent deposited on object/surface ex: someone touches table after sick person leaves dirty tissues) -droplet (coughing, sneezing, or during suctioning ex: breathing dirty air, someone coughs in your face) what are the modes of transmission--non contact? - Answer>> - airborne (droplet nuclei suspended in air that contain organisms, suspended in air for a longer period of time) -vehicle (single contaminated source spreads the infection ex: AIDS..some goes out of the country and has sex with someone with AIDS and brings it back and spreads it around the US) -vector-borne (transmission by insect or animals (lyme disease, rabies)
When do you wear gloves? - Answer>> -RF contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes or non-intact skin (cuts) -when handling items/surfaces soiled with blood or body fluids -not worn outside of patients room -do not wash gloves -change gloves as needed What is included in personal protective equipment (PPE)? - Answer>> -gloves -gown -mask -eye protection What is the 1st tier in preventing transmission? - Answer>> - standard precautions --hand washing --PPE --respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette --sharps container What is the 2nd tier of prevention transmission? - Answer>> 3 transmission based categories of precaution
What are droplet precautions? - Answer>> -spread via moist droplet --transmission via coughing, sneezing (suspend up to 3 ft), touching contaminated objects -precautions include; private room or cohort patients, mask respirator ex: if you bring a pt. to an x-ray from isolation give them a mask to wear on the way What are contact precautions? - Answer>> spreads by direct and indirect contact with patient and their environment -draining wounds, secretions, supplies -precautions include: private room or cohort patients )pt. w /same problem), gown and glove use, disposal of contaminated items in room -dedicated equipment What is protective isolation? - Answer>> -"reverse" isolation -protects the client from organisms -used with immune-compromised client -precautions include: private room likely, nurse with active infection not assigned to clients, mask, hand washing/sterile gown, gloves, do not reuse gowns or gloves. isolation basic principles - Answer>> -good hand hygiene
-do not position client on tubes or objects -never raise a drainage system above the level of the site being drained unless it is clamped off -minimize trauma from tubes by stabilizing catheters -dry, wrinkle free linen surgical asepsis=sterile technique - Answer>> -Any surgical procedure use this technique -procedures that perforate skin --venipuncture --central intravenous lines (IV) --invasive procedures -urinary catheter insertion -nasotracheal suctioning -maintain sterility of equipment What does barrier equipment include? - Answer>> -medical asepsis uses barrier equipment to prevent transmission from infected patient to self or other patients (PPE or PPB) -sterile asepsis used barrier equipment to prevent transmission from self and environment to patient -gowns -masks (regular masks with or without shield) -goggles -gloves--clean and sterile Client education - Answer>> -client susceptibility -break chain of infection (teach patient what to look for to prevent infections) -health promotion --nutrition --hygiene (teach patient) --rest and sleep --exercise and activity
--teach stress management --immunizations --no smoking Health Care Associated infections (nosocomial infections) - Answer>> *an infection acquired in a health-care facility -high health care costs -leading cause of death -preventable with us of aseptic principles/techniques Health care associated infections (HCAI) - Answer>> -majority of organisms causing nosocomial infections are found in colonized body --exogenous: found outside the body --endogenous:normal flora that becomes altered --latrogenic: caused by something we do-->invasive procedure **ex: MRSA, C.diff Common causes and sites of HCAI - Answer>> -common causes: poor hand hygiene, improper procedural techniques (contamination or improper cleaning) -common sites: urinary tract, surgical sites, blood streams mismanagement of antibiotics - Answer>> -using antibiotics to treat viral infections -prescribing antibiotic which is stronger than necessary -using prophylactically for too long -treating symptoms without obtaining culture -using long term antibiotics (Ex: for acne) -incomplete course of antibiotics (important to take all of antibiotic)
--oncology patients --dialysis --immune disorders --those who have received multiple antibiotics --extended hospital stays **dangerous how is VRE transmitted? - Answer>> -hands -clothing -stethoscopes -equipment -countertops, door handles, curtains, telephones how to prevent VRE - Answer>> -hand washing -dedicated equipment -standard precautions -contact isolations -limit transport of patients -appropriate prescribing of antibiotics C. Diff - Answer>> -clostridium difficle -gram-postive and anaerobic bacillus -clinical manifestations -watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain/tenderness **if symptoms appear and patient has been on antibiotics C. Diff transmission - Answer>> -most susceptible include the elderly and prolonged use of antibiotics -transmission: HANDS, mouth-mucous membrane, any surface that becomes contaminated with feces may serve as a reservoir **contact precaution until c.diff is ruled out
how to prevent C.diff - Answer>> -wash hands and use soap and water!!! no alcohol based rubs or foam -clean surfaces in bathrooms, kitchens -use contact precautions -clean environmental services -judicious antibiotic use -isolation rooms -use dedicated equipment (do not take out equipment)