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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………………..…i Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………..…ii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….....iii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………..….vi List of Figures …………………………………………………………………….....vi Abstract………………………………………………………………………………xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of the Study.............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study............................................................................................ 3 1.4 Significance of the study........................................................................................... 4 1.5 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE ....................................... 5 2.1 Electric Vehicle.............................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Solar Tricycle.................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Environmentally Solar Car.............................................................................................. 7 2.3.1 Project details................................................................................................. 7 2.3.2 Effect of Load (Weight) on the Toy Car........................................................ 7 2.3.4 Choosing the Solar Panel............................................................................... 9 2.3.5 Measurement of voltage rising with respect to time...................................... 9 2.4 Principle of Operation of Solar Energy........................................................................... 9 2.4.1 Energy from the Sun.................................................................................... 10 2.5 Types of Solar Energy.................................................................................................. 12
2.12 Performance Analysis of Automatic Hybrid Solar Tracking System with Different
APPENDIX C: Table A-1: Data Logs Output on Charging Solar Tricycle Battery by Two Method. ………………….………………….………….………….……………… Table A-2: Data Tabulation……………….……………………….…………… Table A-3: Data Results 8:00 am to 5:00 pm: Fixed Photovoltaic Panel Position (Method 1)……………………..…….…………………..………107- Table A-4: Data Results 8:00 am to 5:00 pm: Movable Photovoltaic Panel Position (Method 2)…………………….…………....…………………….. 108 Table A-5: Data Results on Distance Capacity of Solar E-tricycle VS. Electric Tricycle…………………………………………………………………….. 109 List of Tables Table 2.1: Effect of load (Weight) on the toy ……………………………………….....….. Table 2.2: Battery Measurement of voltage over time……………………………............ Table 2.3: Azimuth angle, Tilt angle and Orientation…………………………………… Table 2.4: Irradiance equivalent per month. Note: 1W/m^2 =.3173Btu/hr.ft^2 …………. Table 2.5: Reflectivity constant…………………………...........………………….………. Table 3.1: Specification of the PV panel that will used in Project Implementation…. List of Figures Figure 2. 1 : A sampled manufactured solar tricycle (GHEL Company)……………...... Figure 2. 2 : Model Solar Car System Block Diagram with DC-DC converter………… Figure 2.3: Working Mechanism of a PV cell [9]. ………………………..………..…… Figure 2.4: Extra-atmospheric radiation [9].. ………………………..……………..…. Figure 2.5: Components of solar radiation to earth's crust……………………………. Figure 2.6: Basic Solar Cell Construction..……………………………...……………….
Figure 3.34: Arduino software that programs microcontroller boards and other high
- 2.5.1 Solar Thermal.............................................................................................. - 2.5.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power............................................................................. - 2.5.3 Concentrating Solar Power..........................................................................
- 2.6 Photovoltaics (PV) Overview.......................................................................................
- 2.7 Types & Classification..................................................................................................
- 2.7.1. Monocrystalline silicon solar panels – The Most Efficient........................
- 2.7.3. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) – The Most Expensive...........
- 2.7.4. Thin film panels – Prepare to cover everything..........................................
- 2.8 Photovoltaic (PV) Technology Applications...........................................................
- 2.9 Advantages and Limitations of Solar Energy................................................................
- 2.9.1 Advantages of Solar Energy.......................................................................
- 2.9.2 Limitations on Using Solar Cells.................................................................
- 2.10 Solar Calculations.......................................................................................................
- 2.11 Design of Automatic Tracking System of Solar Energy System.................................
- 2.11.1 The constitution and working principle of system.....................................
- 2.11.2 The design of the software.........................................................................
- Types of Solar Cell Materials.............................................................................................
- 2.12.1 Project Description....................................................................................
- 2.12.2 Project Methodology..................................................................................
- 2.13. Sun-tracking system Projects.....................................................................................
- panels. 2.14 Solar Connection System: Two 6v batteries in series charged by two separate solar
- CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
- 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................
- 3.2 Research Design...........................................................................................................
- 3.3 Data Gathering..............................................................................................................
- 3.4 Prototyping...................................................................................................................
- 3.4.2 Sizing Solar Panel: Fixed Positioned Array................................................
- 3.4.2.1 Framing and Installation...........................................................................
- 3.4.3 Sizing Solar Panel: Movable Array.............................................................
- 3.6 Experimentation............................................................................................................
- 3.5.1 Actual set up for the experimentation:.........................................................
- (Most Fast Charging Battery as Load)..................................................................
- 3.5.2 Actual set up for the experimentation:.........................................................
- 3.5.3 Actual set up for the experimentation:.........................................................
- 3.7 Data Logger....................................................................................................
- 3.7.1 Data Logging System.................................................................................................
- 3.7 Data, Results & Comparison.........................................................................................
- CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- 4.1 Most Fast Charging Data Results..................................................................................
- 4.2 Data Logger Results......................................................................................................
- 4.2.1 Voltage Results Using Data Logger............................................................
- 4.2.2 Current Results on Two Method..................................................................
- 4.2.3 Power and Energy Results on Two Method................................................
- 4.3 Summary of Voltage, Current, Power and Energy........................................................
- 4.4 Calibration Test on Data Logger...................................................................................
- 4.5 Data Result on 2 Photovoltaic Panel at Two Methods..................................................
- 4.6 Battery Testing after Charging......................................................................................
- 4.7 Charging the entire Solar E-Tricycle.............................................................................
- 4.8 Fixed Method Supply Electric tricycle..........................................................................
- CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
- Panel…………………………………………………………. ……………………………….. APPENDIX A: Actual Photo in Making the Fixed and Movable Photovoltaic
- APPENDIX B: Data Logger Codes (Arduino Software)………………………………….
- Figure 2.7: Photovoltaic Cells, & Arrays. ..……………………………...……………….
- Figure 2.8: Connections of PV Configurations. ………………………...……………….
- Figure 2.9: Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Panel………………………………..
- Figure 2.10: Polycrystalline Silicon PV panels…………………………………………..
- Figure 2.11: Building Integrated PV……………………………………………………….
- Figure 2.12: Thin film panels. ……………………………….……………………….…….
- Figure 2.13: Direction on Solar Components. ……………………………….………….
- Figure 2.14: Solar Angles. ……………………………….……………………………...….
- Figure 2.15: Installation diagram of automatic tracking system. ………………….….
- Figure 2.16: Main program flow diagram of this section study. ………………….….
- Figure 2.17: Block Diagram of the project…………….……………………………...….
- Figure 2.18: A prototype solar Tracker. …………….………………………………...….
- Figure 2.19: Hardware constructed of the designed system. ……………………….….
- Figure 2.20: Solar panel to Load connection………………………………………….….
- Figure 3.1: Constructed flow Chart for this research study…………………………….
- Figure 3.2: The Electric Tricycle……………………………..…………………………….
- Figure 3.3: Framing the PV Panel. ……………………………..…………………..…….
- Figure 3.4: Sizing PV Panel to Frame.…………………………….…………..………….
- Figure 3.5: Putting PV Panel to the Frame. ……………………………..……………….
- Figure 3.6: Top View of the Electric Tricycle with the PV Panel. …………………….
- Figure 3.7: The expected outlook of the Solar Tricycle. ……………………….……….
- Figure 3.8: Manual tracker design using sketch up. ……………………….………..….
- Figure 3.9: Photovoltaic Panel in Manual Tracker..…………………………………….
- Figure 3.10: Manual tracker design. ..………………………………………..….…….….
- Figure 3.11: Tilt initial position angle of the tracker. ……………………..….……..….
- Figure 3.12: Movable tracker in Electric Tricycle. ……………………..….………..….
- Figure 3.13: Outlook of the Solar Tricycle powered by Movable Tracker..……….….
- Figure 3.14: A set up for Method 1. ..…………………………….…………..….…….….
- Figure 3.15: A block diagram for the movable panel system....…………………….….
- Figure 3.16: Block Diagram for my Experimentation. ..…………………….……….….
- Figure 3.17: Fixed PV Panel Position. ..……………………... ….……….….……….….
- Figure 3.18: Movable PV Panel Position..…………………….………. ….………….….
- Figure 3.19: Data Logger: SD Card & SD Shield. ..…………………….……….….….
- Figure 3.20: Charge Controller (1) 12/24 V Capacity. ..……………………...………..
- Figure 3.21: Charge Controller (2) 12/24 V Capacity. ..…………………….……...….
- Figure 3.22: Battery Bank Serve as the Load of the Experiment. ..……………………
- Figure 3.23: Multi-Tester Used Measures Charging Voltage of the Battery. ..……...
- Figure 3.24: 2 Fixed PV Panel Position. ..…………………….………. ….………….….
- Figure 3.25: 2 Movable PV Panel Position. ..………………………… ….………….….
- Figure 3.26: Data Logger: SD Card & SD Shield. ..…………….. …. ….………….….
- Figure 3.27: Charge Controller (1) 12/24 V Capacity. ……………….….………….….
- Figure 3.28: Battery Bank Serve as the Load of the Experiment. …….….………...….
- Figure 3.29: LCD/ Multi-Tester Used Measures Charging Voltage of the Battery….
- Figure 3.30: Electric Tricycle no PV Panel Installed….……………….….…………….
- Figure 3.31: Fixed PV Panel on Electric Tricycle. ….……..………….….…………….
- Figure 3.32: Movable PV Panel on Electric Tricycle. ….……..………...….….……….
- Figure 3.33: Sample configuration of data logger system. ….……..………...….….….
- capacity PLC………………………………………….. ….……..………….….…………….
- Figure 4.1: Initial Battery Voltage for Movable Method….. ….……..……….….…….
- Figure 4.2: Initial Battery Voltage for Fixed Method. ….. ….……..………….………..
- Figure 4.3: Charging voltage at first hour. ….. ….……..…………………….………..
- Figure 4.4: Second hour Charging voltage….……..………………………….…..……..
- Figure 4.5: Third Hour Charging on Fixed and Movable Method. ………….………..
- Figure 4.6: At Four Hour Charging to the Battery as Load. ………….……......……..
- Figure 4.7: Voltage Results on 5th Hour Charging. ………….…………...…......……..
- Figure 4.8: Graphical Presentation on Fixed and Movable Method. …...….........…..
- Figure 4.9: Current Output of Two Methods. ….……..…………………………….……
- Figure 4.10: Charging Current at Second Hour by Two Method. ……………….……
- Figure 4.11: Graphical Results on Current Output. ……………….……………………
- Figure 4.12: Current Output by the Two Method at 2:00 pm. ….……………...………
- Figure 4.13: Results on Current Charging at 3:00 pm. ….…………………......………
- Figure 4.14: Charging Current at 6th Hour…………...….…………………......………
- Figure 4.15: First Hour Charging. …………...….……………………………......………
- Figure 4.16: Second Hour Charging Power and Energy Output. ……….........………
- Figure 4.17: Power and Energy Output on Two Method. ………...................…..……
- Figure 4.18: 4th Hour Charging On Battery as Load. ………......…………………..…
- Figure 4.19: Data Results: Power and Energy on 5th Hour. ………………………..…
- Figure 4.20: Last Hour of Charging Data Results…………...………………………..…
- Figure 4.21: Voltage Comparison on Both Method. ………...………………...……..…
- Figure 4.22: Current Output by the Two Method Fixed and Movable. ……...…..…..
- Figure 4.23: Power Output over the Charging Time. ………...……………….....……..
- Figure 4.24: Energy Transfer from PV to Battery. ………...………………...……....…
- Figure 2.25: Testing the data logger display to the value of multi-tester reads…...…
- Figure 4.26: Voltage comparison supply by two PV Panel. ………...……………….…
- Figure 4.27: Current comparison supply by two PV Panel. ………...…………………
- Figure 4.28: Power Output in Two Methods. ………...…………………………….……
- Figure 4.29: Energy Output in Two Methods. ………...…………………………………
- Figure 4.30 Battery Voltage after 6 hour of Charging. …………………………………
- Figure 4.31: Battery voltage of fixed method after 6 hour of Charging. ………..……
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of the Study As the planet earth runs over this long period of time evolution is constantly unchanging. And everything falls to these constantly unchanging is everything under the sun. From a simple concept of photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839, who found that certain materials would produce small amounts of electric current when exposed to sunlight, through the first photovoltaic module was built by Bell Laboratories in 1954. Is now an automated program system in trucking the sunrays as its power the artificial satellite in outer space. There must be some limits to the ability of the earth to sustain a growing population. Fortunately, population models suggest that the world's population will probably level out at about two to three times the present numbers over the next hundred years. The question is whether the earth's resources are sufficient to sustain that population at a high standard of living for all. In this the key issue is energy [1]. As a nation, the prospect to decarbonise our transport system whilst stimulating the economy through jobs and investment, is vital to sustaining our position as a world leader. The environmentally conscious tax payer expects the employment of efficient and effective solutions to critical problems, we are that solution. A wide range of different technologies and solutions will be required and implemented to reduce transport emissions. Companies is committed to assist in the reduction in emissions, and our economic and environmental priorities include; climate change, energy security and decarbonisation. This will be implemented by encouragement through public awareness campaigns and infrastructure implementation. Now-a-days, dealers of natural resources like fuel, coal etc. are facing a hard time to keep pace with the increasing demand. At one hand, there are more cars or motor vehicles are dominating the transport medium, on the other hand these cars are being dominated by the fuel. As a result, the limited resources are being quashed by the producers and dealers to satisfy this need which is leading us to an uncertain future with having the scarcity of fuel and minerals. So, it is clear that present trends in energy consumption, especially oil, cannot be sustained much longer. Again, in view
of the possibility of global warming, these resources are playing a negative role. Therefore, under this circumstances, it is quite necessary to make a new exploration of natural resource of energy and power. But why exploration when the resource is in front of our bear eye. It is effective, less expensive and above all, it is an endless source of energy. With greatly improved energy efficiency, a transition to this energy based economy capable of sustaining the anticipated growth in the world economy, is possible. This effective source is the said photoelectric effect “Solar Energy”. Solar energy is radiant energy that is produced by sun. Every day the sun radiates, or sends out, an enormous amount of energy. The sun radiates more energy in one second than people have used since the beginning of time [2]. The best thing about solar cells obviously is their ability to convert sunlight into electricity. Because sunlight is unlimited, this form of electricity is abundant, free of cost, and may be received almost from any part of the world. But sadly, solar cells become quite useless in the absence of sunlight, i.e. during overcast conditions. Of course, we have found ways to overcome this situation by using batteries, converters, and a backup generator, but the problem doesn’t end there. The performance of these converters and panels very much depends on the angle of incidence of sunlight. They are able to generate maximum power only as long as the light rays are perpendicular to the panel’s surface. Since the position of sun is never stationary, the angle of the light rays changes with time, and therefore the efficiency of the solar cells is also reduced proportionately. Thus, even after having all the means we become quite helpless in utilizing them effectively [3]. People have tried to find a remedy by installing extra solar panels at different angles. This solution too has its own drawbacks, like, very high initial costs, wide variations in the input power and less than 50 % of the units actually get utilized at a particular instant. Solar energy is one type of the renewable energy sources which can be converted easily and directly to the electric energy by Photovoltaic converters. The process of no movable mechanisms to convert solar energy to electric energy is called photovoltaic phenomena whereas the conversion device is called solar cell. Solar cells convert the energy of light's photons to electric energy with efficiency between 5 to 25 percent without using thermodynamic cycle or active fluid. Solar cells can be light collector directly or can use light concentrators like mirror or convex lens [4]. This
To perform two methods Fixed and Movable array as power source to the project prototype. To investigate the performance and feasibility of the two methods; fixed array or the movable panel To attain efficient and reliable renewable energy source in our electric tricycle through PV system. To analyze and compare the power output of the two method through data logger using LCD, gzduino boards, current sensor, SD card & SD shield. 1.4 Significance of the study The demand fuel for vehicles is proportional to the population. Any time from now the supply of fuel/petroleum will not be able to sustain the demand. Therefore, the need of alternative vehicle prime mover is needed. The success of this study is significant to all who will and utilized electric vehicle/ electric tricycle as their mean of transportation. 1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of the study includes implementation of photovoltaic panel in electric tricycle. Also, designing and implementation of the two methods for our solar system that will feed in our electric tricycle for practical use. Analysis and evaluation of the power output by using data logger; a fixed photovoltaic system and movable photovoltaic system. On the side of movable photovoltaic system, the researcher only design a movable frame allocated for our photovoltaic panel its purpose is only to perform that the photovoltaic panel will be all perpendicular during use sun hours.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter shall discuss the related studies, past developments and other relevant information that the researchers consider necessary and important for the realization and development of the project. 2.1 Electric Vehicle An electric vehicle is powered by an electric motor while there is petrol/diesel engines used in gasoline vehicle. They have only half the initial cost of a gasoline vehicle. The power of electric vehicle is less than gasoline vehicle. But it is impossible to find out the difference among them while driving. While gasoline vehicle have a heavy noise and pollute the air, electric vehicle are smooth and silent and also have on pollution emits while driving. The idea of electric vehicle is new. The components of an electric vehicle are DC electric motors, Electric controller, Battery tray, 12V Lead acid batteries, Battery Charger and many motors for driving smaller parts. EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. The internal combustion engine (ICE) has been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types. Electric motive power started with a small drifter operated by a miniature electric motor, built by Thomas Davenport in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h). In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847 [6].
It travel’s for free with the power of the sun. The purpose of this project is to build a vehicle that:Provides free, 'green' transportation for short distances (<10 miles), thus it must never plug into a wall socket, or emit any pollutants [7]. 2.3 Environmentally Solar Car This another review, Its design & implementation has DC-DC converter that matches the output from a 10W solar panel to a permanent magnet DC motor. 2.3.1 Project details Now we get the 10W solar panel mounted on an aluminum chassis along with the dc motor, a gearbox (7:1) and a servo for steering vehicle. The servo is an onboard item, which can be powered from an auxiliary battery source. By the way we cannot alter any mechanical characteristics of the car and the problem can only solved by designing & building electronics. Figure 2. 4 : Model Solar Car System Block Diagram with DC-DC converter. 2.3.2 Effect of Load (Weight) on the Toy Car To successfully complete the whole project, initially we need to choose the proper solar panel with appropriate power rating and weight. Because, these things are directly related to the efficiency of the car. So, we did an experiment which involved the load management of the car while driving along with the V-I rating. Here, we chose a random car and put different bars with different weights on different position (i.e. front hood, roof top/ seat, back hood) of that car. Then we connected the multi- meter to the respective input pins (‘+ve’ and ‘-ve‘) of the battery of that particular car in parallel. Through this process we found out the voltage required to drive the motor
of the car at different situation. Again, after that, we connected an ammeter with those respective in series to find out the current flow required to drive the motor of the car. The result we found out for that random car is like this: Weight (gm) Different Positions of Car VI Rating Power Rating At full speed At less speed Volt V Ampere A Volt V Ampere A At full speed At less speed 200 Seat 8.21 7.63 6.08 5.41 62.64 32. Back 8.27 7.60 6.73 5.29 62.85 35. Front 8.23 7.52 6.58 5.28 61.89 34. 400 Seat 8.20 7.38 5.43 4.85 60.52 26. Back 7.77 6.76 4.87 3.86 52.52 18. Front 7.49 6.68 4.46 3.37 50.03 15. 600 Seat 7.51 6.66 4.30 2.89 50.01 12. Back 7.49 6.60 4.12 2.77 49.43 11. Front 7.30 6.50 3.96 2.65 47.45 10. 800 Seat 7.30 6.28 3.73 2.48 45.84 9. Back 7.15 6.38 3.70 2.49 45.61 9. Front 7.30 6.44 3.76 2.45 47.01 9. 1000 Seat 7.07 6.03 3.64 2.35 42.63 8. Back 6.98 5.93 3.63 2.40 41.39 8. Front 6.90 5.00 3.45 1.90 34.50 6. Table 2.1: Effect of load (Weight) on the toy car. Base on above table, the battery of that random car was providing 9.6V and 600mAh, voltage and current rating respectively. This experiment gave us the idea about the solar panel we should collect for our future project implementation.
electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where these two materials are in contact (the P-N junction). When the sunlight hits the semiconductor surface, an electron springs up and is attracted towards the N-type semiconductor material. This will cause more negative charge in the n-type and more positive charge in the P-type semiconductors, generating a higher flow of electricity. This is known as Photovoltaic effect. Figure 1 below shows the working mechanism of a silicon solar cell. Figure 2.3: Working Mechanism of a PV cell [9]. The amount of current generated by a PV cell depends on its efficiency, its size (surface area) and the intensity of sunlight striking the surface. For example, under peak sunlight conditions a typical commercial PV cell with a surface area of about 25 square inches will produce about 2 watts peak power [10]. 2.4.1 Energy from the Sun In the solar core thermonuclear fusion reactions occur unceasingly at millions of degrees; they release huge quantities of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiations. A part of this energy reaches the outer area of the Earth’s atmosphere with an average irradiance (solar constant) of about 1,367 W/m^2 ± 3%, a value which varies as a function of the Earth-to-Sun distance (Figure 2)1 and of the solar activity (sunspots).
Figure 2.5: Components of solar radiation to earth's crust. Figure 2.4: Extra-atmospheric radiation [9]. With solar irradiance we mean the intensity of the solar electromagnetic radiation incident on a surface of 1 square meter (kW/m^2 ). Such intensity is equal to the integral of the power associated to each value of the frequency of the solar radiation spectrum. When passing through the atmosphere, the solar radiation diminishes in intensity because it is partially reflected and absorbed (above all by the water vapor and by the other atmospheric gases). The radiation which passes through is partially diffused by the air and by the solid particles suspended in the air. With solar irradiation we mean the integral of the solar irradiance over a specified period of time (kWh/m^2 ). Therefore the radiation falling on a horizontal surface is constituted by a direct radiation, associated to the direct irradiance on the surface, by a diffuse radiation which strikes the surface from the whole sky and not from a specific part of it and by a radiation reflected on a given surface by the ground and by the surrounding environment (Figure 7). In winter the sky is overcast and the diffuse component is greater than the direct one.
