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solutions Graded A+.
INBDE High-Yield Research 119 correct
solutions Graded A+.
What is the process of detection of a disease targeted at an ASYMPTOMATIC population? - ANSWER Screening
What is classification provided to SYMPTOMATIC patients seeking care? - ANSWER Diagnosis
What is the term for measuring how well research methods produce the same results, multiple times? - ANSWER Reliability
What term describes the amount of variability made by the same examiner on multiple occasions? - ANSWER Intra-Examiner Reliability
What term describes the amount of variability between 2 or more examiners? - ANSWER Inter-Examiner Reliability
What term describes the ability to distinguish between health and disease? - ANSWER Validity
Term used if a patient has a disease and the test correctly detects the disease. - ANSWER True Positive/TP
Term used if a patient has a disease and the test incorrectly detects no disease. - ANSWER False Negative/FN
Term used if a patient does not have a disease and the test incorrectly detects disease. - ANSWER False Positive/FP
Term used if a patient does not have a disease and the test correctly detects no disease. - ANSWER True Negative/TN
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A HIGHER area under a ROC curve indicates what? - ANSWER There is a HIGHER True Positive/TP rate and therefore a higher test accuracy.
A LOWER area under a ROC curve indicates what? - ANSWER There is a HIGHER False Positive/FP rate and therefore a lower test accuracy.
What term measures the accuracy of a test in detecting disease? - ANSWER Sensitivity/Se
Equation for Sensitivity - ANSWER Se = TP / TP + FN
Se = Sensitivity
TP = True Positive
FN = False Negative
High Sensitivity indicates what? - ANSWER Low numbers of False Negatives.
What term measures the accuracy of a test in detecting health? - ANSWER Specificity/Sp
Equation for Specificity - ANSWER Sp = TN / TN + FP
Sp = Specificity
TN = True Negative
FP = False Positive
High Specificity indicates what? - ANSWER Low numbers of False Positives.
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A Confidence Interval/CI of zero is also considered what? - ANSWER Null Hypothesis
If the Confidence Interval/CI does not include zero, what does this say about the results of the study? - ANSWER The results are statistically significant and the Null Hypothesis can be rejected.
If the Confidence Interval/CI includes zero, what does this say about the results of the study? - ANSWER The results are not statistically significant and the Null Hypothesis cannot be rejected.
Statistically insignificant results/Null Hypothesis not being rejected may occur if the study has what? - ANSWER Low Statistical Power
What is a Type 1 Error? - ANSWER False Positive result.
Rejecting a Null Hypothesis when it is actually true is an example of what kind of error? - ANSWER Type 1 Error
What is the probability of making a Type 1 Error represented by? - ANSWER Alpha-value
What is the P-value for rejecting the Null Hypothesis also known as? - ANSWER Alpha-value
What measures the probability that the sample data is due to chance? - ANSWER P-value
What is P-value typically set at? - ANSWER 0.
What is a Type 2 Error? - ANSWER False Positive result.
Failing to reject a Null Hypothesis that is actually false is an example of what kind of error? - ANSWER Type 2 Error
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What is the probability of making a Type 2 Error represented by? - ANSWER Beta-value
What is Beta-value also known as? - ANSWER Statistical Power
What is the term representing the probability of observing an effect? - ANSWER Statistical Power/Beta- value
What is the frequency of disease for a population? - ANSWER Prevalence
Equation for Prevalence - ANSWER Prevalence = # Previously Diseased Cases / Total Population
What provides an estimate for the target population? - ANSWER Sample Population
What represents the number of people who already have the condition
during a given time? - ANSWER Prevalence
What is the rate of developing new disease? - ANSWER Incidence
Equation for Incidence - ANSWER Incidence = # New Cases / Total Population
Incidence only involves people who... - ANSWER Develop a new condition during a specified time period.
What risk predictor is causally associated with disease? - ANSWER Risk Factor
What risk predictor is a marker of exposure to a Risk Factor, and is indirectly linked to a disease? - ANSWER Risk Indicator
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Conventionally, a value lower than an Alpha significance level of 0.05 is considered what? - ANSWER Statistically Significant, and the Null Hypothesis can be rejected.
What is measured using Numbers Needed to Treat/NNT? - ANSWER Clinical Significance
This signifies the total number of patients needed to be treated in order for 1 patient to be cured from disease - ANSWER Numbers Needed to Treat/NNT
What value of Numbers Needed to Treat/NNT is best? - ANSWER NNT = 1
Numbers Needed to Treat/NNT is ONLY considered if what? - ANSWER P-value < 0.
What kind of sampling is used when the study population is chosen from a group that is easy to reach or access? - ANSWER Convenience Sampling
What problem results from differing rates of responses from relative groups? - ANSWER Incomplete data
What is the phenomena of participants performing differently in a study than if they were not in a study? - ANSWER Hawthorne Effect
What principle describes how values that may begin extremely high or low, but over time will regress to an average level? - ANSWER Regression to the Mean
What is the phenomena of people tending to respond favorably knowing they are receiving treatment, regardless of whether it is actually working or not? - ANSWER Placebo Effect
What bias results from the outcome of a study biasing whether to publish the results or not? - ANSWER Publication Bias
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What kind of study design studies a group of patients with a disease and
compares them to a historical control group? - ANSWER Single Group Study
What kind of study design studies a single person, group, or situation involving a rare condition? - ANSWER Case Study
What kind of study design studies a random sample (cross-section in time) from a target population? - ANSWER Cross-Sectional Study
Which kind of study design is particularly easy to administer? - ANSWER Cross-Sectional Study
A Cross-Sectional Study cannot prove what kind of relationship? - ANSWER Cause & effect
A Cross-Sectional Study measures what? - ANSWER Prevalence
What kind of study design studies a random sample selected based on presence or absence of disease? - ANSWER Case-Control Study
How does a Case-Control Study work? - ANSWER Samples are placed into either a Case Group (people
who had an exposure) or a Control Group (people
who did not have an exposure). Individuals are then observed to see if the predicted outcome occurs.
A Case-Control Study is measured using what? - ANSWER Odds Ratio/OR
Case-Control Study is most impacted by what kind of bias? - ANSWER Recall Bias
What bias results from change in the risk that participants in a study are able to recall or report information? - ANSWER Recall Bias
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What kind of study design uses statistical methods to analyze the
results gathered from two or more published studies? - ANSWER Meta-Analysis
List from top to bottom the hierarchy of scientific evidence - ANSWER 1. Meta-Analysis/Systemic Review
- Randomized Control Trial
- Cohort Study
- Case Control Study
- Cross-Sectional Study
- Case Report/Case Study
An acronym that is used to help formulate clinical research questions, PICO, stands for what? - ANSWER Population/Patient/Problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
What kind of sampling involves selecting subjects who meet the
study criteria until an adequate sample size is obtained? - ANSWER Consecutive Sampling
What kind of sampling involves volunteers who
agree to participate in a study? - ANSWER Voluntary Response Sampling
What kind of sampling involves an initial subject who then
recommends another subject who meets the study criteria? - ANSWER Snowball Sampling
What kind of sampling involves obtaining a random sample
from a population and then stratifying them into subgroups? - ANSWER Stratified Random Sampling
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What kind of sampling involves selecting samples after dividing a
population into subgroups that do not have any overlap in similarities? - ANSWER Cluster Sampling
What kind of sampling involves selecting participants from a list at random set intervals? - ANSWER Systemic Sampling
What is an average of values in a data set, affected by outliers? - ANSWER Mean
What is the middle score in a data set, least effected by outliers? - ANSWER Median
What is the most frequent value in a data set? - ANSWER Mode
What kind of variable is a numeric variable that is obtained by measuring? Ex: millimeters - ANSWER Continuous
What kind of variable is assigned based on a qualitative property, not numeric? Ex: hair color - ANSWER Categorical
What kind of variable is a numeric variable that is obtained by taking a count from a set of distinct whole values? Ex: Number of teeth in a patient's mouth - ANSWER Discrete
What kind of variable is obtained by ordering or ranking? Ex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd individual to finish task - ANSWER Ordinal
What kind of variable can only take on 2 possible values or categories? Ex: Presence or absence of oral cancer - ANSWER Binary
What kind of variable is manipulated by the researcher? Ex: Different types of Analgesics - ANSWER Independent
