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Biology 5 L112 5 Final 5 Exam 5 with 5 precise 5
detailed 5 solutions
heredity 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔The 5 transmission 5 of 5 traits 5 from 5 one 5 generation 5 to 5 the 5 next. variation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔Differences 5 between 5 members 5 of 5 the 5 same 5 species. genetics 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 scientific 5 study 5 of 5 heredity 5 and 5 hereditary 5 variation. genes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 discrete 5 unit 5 of 5 hereditary 5 information 5 consisting 5 of 5 a 5 specific 5 nucleotide 5 sequence 5 in 5 DNA 5 (or 5 RNA, 5 in 5 some 5 viruses). gametes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔A 5 haploid 5 reproductive 5 cell, 5 such 5 as 5 an 5 egg 5 or 5 sperm. somatic 5 cells 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔any 5 cell 5 in 5 a 5 multicellular 5 organism 5 except 5 a 5 sperm 5 or 5 egg 5 or 5 their 5 precursors. locus 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 specific 5 place 5 along 5 the 5 length 5 of 5 a 5 chromosome 5 where 5 a 5 given 5 gene 5 is 5 located.
asexual 5 reproduction 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 generation 5 of 5 off-spring 5 from 5 a 5 single 5 parent 5 that 5 occurs 5 without 5 the 5 fusion 5 of 5 gametes. clone 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 lineage 5 of 5 genetically 5 identical 5 individuals 5 or 5 cells. sexual 5 reproduction 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 type 5 of 5 reproduction 5 in 5 which 5 two 5 parents 5 give 5 rise 5 to 5 offspring 5 that 5 have 5 unique 5 combinations 5 of 5 genes 5 inherited 5 from 5 both 5 parents 5 via 5 the 5 gametes karyotype 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 display 5 of 5 the 5 chromosome 5 pairs 5 of 5 a 5 cell 5 arranges 5 by 5 size 5 and 5 shape homologous 5 chromosomes 5 (homologs) 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 pair 5 of 5 chromosomes 5 of 5 the 5 same 5 length, 5 centromere 5 position, 5 and 5 staining 5 pattern 5 that 5 possess 5 genes 5 for 5 the 5 same 5 characters 5 at 5 corresponding 5 loci. sex 5 chromosomes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 chromosome 5 responsible 5 for 5 determining 5 the 5 sex 5 of 5 an 5 individual, autosomes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 chromosome 5 that 5 is 5 not 5 directly 5 involved 5 in 5 determining 5 sex; 5 not 5 a 5 sex 5 chromosome. diploid 5 cell 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 cell 5 containing 5 two 5 sets 5 of 5 chromosomes 5 (2n), 5 one 5 set 5 inherited 5 from 5 each 5 parent.
synapsis 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 pairing 5 and 5 physical 5 connection 5 of 5 duplicated 5 homologous 5 chromosomes 5 during 5 prophase 5 1 5 or 5 meiosis crossing 5 over 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 reciprocal 5 exchange 5 of 5 genetic 5 material 5 between 5 nonsister 5 chromatids 5 during 5 prophase 5 1 5 of 5 meiosis chiasmata 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 X-shaped, 5 microscopically 5 visible 5 region 5 where 5 crossing 5 over 5 has 5 occurred 5 earlier 5 in 5 prophase 5 I 5 between 5 homologous 5 nonsister 5 chromatids. recombinant 5 chromosomes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 chromosome 5 created 5 when 5 crossing 5 over 5 combines 5 DNA 5 from 5 two 5 parents 5 into 5 a 5 single 5 chromosmes. life 5 cycle 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 generation-to-generation 5 sequence 5 of 5 stages 5 in 5 the 5 reproductive 5 history 5 of 5 an 5 organism. synaptonemal 5 complex 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 zipper 5 like 5 structure 5 that 5 holds 5 the 5 homologs 5 together 5 tightly Gametogenesis 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔is 5 the 5 production 5 of 5 gametes spermatogenesis 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 formation 5 of 5 sperm oogenesis 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 development 5 of 5 a 5 mature 5 egg
oxidation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 complete 5 or 5 partial 5 loss 5 of 5 electrons 5 from 5 a 5 substance 5 involved 5 in 5 a 5 redox 5 raction reduction 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 complete 5 or 5 partial 5 addition 5 of 5 electrons 5 to 5 a 5 substance 5 involved 5 in 5 a 5 redox 5 reaction. metabolic 5 pathway 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 series 5 of 5 chemical 5 reactions 5 that 5 either 5 builds 5 a 5 complex 5 molecule 5 (anabolic 5 pathway) 5 or 5 breaks 5 down 5 a 5 complex 5 molecule 5 to 5 simpler 5 molecules 5 (catabolic 5 pathway). catabolic 5 pathway 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 metabolic 5 pathway 5 that 5 releases 5 energy 5 by 5 breaking 5 down 5 complex 5 molecules 5 to 5 simpler 5 molecules. substrate-level 5 phosphorylation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 enzyme-catalyzed 5 formation 5 of 5 ATP 5 by 5 direct 5 transfer 5 of 5 a 5 phosphate 5 group 5 to 5 ADP 5 from 5 an 5 intermediate 5 substrate 5 in 5 catabl=olism. glycolysis 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 series 5 of 5 reactions 5 that 5 ultimately 5 splits 5 glucose 5 into 5 pyruvate. citric 5 acid 5 cycle 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 chemical 5 cycle 5 involving 5 eight 5 steps 5 that 5 completes 5 the 5 metabolic 5 break-down 5 of 5 glucose 5 molecules 5 begun 5 in 5 glycolysis 5 by 5 oxidizing 5 acetyl 5 CoA 5 (derived 5 from 5 pyruvate) 5 to 5 carbon 5 dioxide; 5 occurs 5 within 5 the 5 mitochondrion 5 in 5 eukaryotic 5 cells 5 and 5 in 5 the 5 cytosol 5 of 5 prokaryotes; 5 together 5 with 5 pyruvate 5 oxidation, 5 the 5 second 5 major 5 stage 5 in 5 cellular 5 respiration.
redox 5 reactions 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 chemical 5 reaction 5 involving 5 the 5 complete 5 or 5 partial 5 transfer 5 of 5 one 5 or 5 more 5 electrons 5 from 5 one 5 reactant 5 to 5 another reducing 5 agent 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 electron 5 donor 5 in 5 a 5 redox 5 reaction. oxidizing 5 agent 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 electron 5 acceptor 5 in 5 a 5 redox 5 reaction. alcohol 5 fermentation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔glycolysis 5 followed 5 by 5 the 5 reduction 5 of 5 pyruvate 5 to 5 ethyl 5 alcohol, 5 regenerating 5 NAD+ 5 and 5 releasing 5 carbon 5 dioxide. lacetic 5 acid 5 fermentation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔glycolysis 5 followed 5 by 5 the 5 reduction 5 of 5 pyruvate 5 to 5 lactate, 5 regenerating 5 NAD+ 5 with 5 no 5 release 5 of 5 carbon 5 dioxide. obligate 5 anaerobes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔an 5 organism 5 that 5 only 5 carries 5 out 5 fermentation 5 or 5 anaerobic 5 respiration. 5 Such 5 organisms 5 cannot 5 use 5 oxygen 5 and 5 in 5 fact 5 may 5 be 5 poisoned 5 by 5 it. facultative 5 anaerobes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔an 5 organism 5 that 5 makes 5 ATP 5 by 5 aerobic 5 respiration 5 if 5 oxygen 5 is 5 present 5 but 5 that 5 switches 5 to 5 anaerobic 5 respiration 5 or 5 fermentation 5 if 5 oxygen 5 is 5 not 5 present.
beta 5 oxidation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 metabolic 5 sequence 5 that 5 breaks 5 fatty 5 acids 5 down 5 to 5 two-carbon 5 fragments 5 that 5 enter 5 the 5 citric 5 acid 5 cycle 5 as 5 acetyl 5 CoA. photosynthesis 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 conversion 5 of 5 light 5 energy 5 to 5 chemical 5 energy 5 that 5 is 5 stored 5 in 5 sugars 5 or 5 other 5 orgaanic 5 compounds; 5 occurs 5 in 5 plants, 5 algae, 5 and 5 certain 5 prokaryotes. autotrophs 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔an 5 organism 5 that 5 obtains 5 organic 5 food 5 molecules 5 without 5 eating 5 other 5 organisms 5 of 5 substances 5 derived 5 from 5 other 5 organism. heterotrophs 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔an 5 organism 5 that 5 obtains 5 organic 5 food 5 molecules 5 by 5 eating 5 other 5 organisms 5 or 5 substances 5 derived 5 from 5 them. stoma/stomata 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 microscopic 5 pore 5 surrounded 5 by 5 guard 5 cells 5 in 5 the 5 epidermis 5 of 5 leaves 5 and 5 stems 5 that 5 allows 5 gas 5 exchange 5 between 5 the 5 environment 5 and 5 the 5 interior 5 of 5 the 5 plant. stroma 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 dense 5 fluid 5 within 5 the 5 chloroplast 5 surrounding 5 the 5 thylakoid 5 membrane 5 and 5 containing 5 ribosomes 5 and 5 DNA; 5 involved 5 in 5 the 5 synthesis 5 of 5 organic 5 molecules 5 from 5 carbon 5 dioxide 5 and 5 water. thylakoids 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔connected 5 sacs 5 in 5 the 5 chloroplast 5 which 5 compose 5 a 5 third 5 membrane 5 system
electromagnetic 5 spectrum 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 entire 5 spectrum 5 of 5 electromagnetic 5 radiation, 5 ranging 5 in 5 wavelength 5 from 5 less 5 than 5 a 5 nanometer 5 to 5 more 5 than 5 a 5 kilometer. visible 5 light 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔that 5 portion 5 of 5 the 5 electromagnetic 5 spectrum 5 that 5 can 5 be 5 detected 5 as 5 various 5 colors 5 by 5 the 5 human 5 eye, 5 ranging 5 in 5 wavelength 5 from 5 about 5 380 5 nm 5 to 5 about 5 750 5 nm. photons 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 quantum, 5 or 5 discrete 5 quantity, 5 of 5 light 5 energy 5 that 5 behaves 5 as 5 if 5 it 5 were 5 a 5 particle absorption 5 spectrum 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 range 5 of 5 a 5 pigment's 5 ability 5 to 5 absorb 5 various 5 wavelengths 5 of 5 light; 5 also 5 a 5 graph 5 o 5 such 5 a 5 range. chlorophyll 5 a 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 photosynthetic 5 pigment 5 that 5 participates 5 directly 5 in 5 the 5 light 5 reactions, 5 which 5 convert 5 solar 5 energy 5 to 5 chemical 5 energy. action 5 spectrum 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 graph 5 that 5 profiles 5 the 5 relative 5 effectiveness 5 of 5 different 5 wavelengths 5 of 5 radiation 5 in 5 driving 5 a 5 particular 5 process. chlorophyll 5 b 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 photosynthetic 5 pigment 5 that 5 participates 5 directly 5 in 5 the 5 light 5 reactions, 5 which 5 convert 5 solar 5 energy 5 to 5 chemical 5 energy.
carotenoids 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔An 5 accessory 5 pigment, 5 either 5 yellow 5 or 5 orange, 5 in 5 the 5 chloroplasts 5 of 5 planets 5 and 5 in 5 some 5 prokaryotes. photosystem 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 light-capturing 5 unit 5 located 5 in 5 the 5 thylakoid 5 membrane 5 of 5 the 5 chloroplast 5 or 5 in 5 the 5 membrane 5 of 5 the 5 chloroplast 5 or 5 in 5 the 5 membrane 5 of 5 some 5 prokaryotes, 5 consisting 5 of 5 a 5 reaction-center 5 complex 5 surrounded 5 by 5 numerous 5 light-harvesting 5 complexes. reaction-center 5 complex 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 complex 5 of 5 proteins 5 associated 5 with 5 a 5 special 5 pair 5 of 5 chlorophyll 5 a 5 molecules 5 and 5 a 5 primary 5 electron 5 acceptor. 5 located 5 centrally 5 in 5 a 5 photosystem, 5 this 5 complex 5 triggers 5 the 5 light 5 reactions 5 of 5 photosynthesis. 5 excited 5 by 5 light 5 energy, 5 the 5 pair 5 of 5 chlorophylls 5 donates 5 an 5 electron 5 to 5 the 5 primary 5 electron 5 acceptor, 5 which 5 passes 5 an 5 electron 5 to 5 an 5 electron 5 transport 5 chain. primary 5 electron 5 acceptor 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔in 5 the 5 thylakoid 5 membrane 5 of 5 a 5 chloroplast 5 or 5 in 5 the 5 membrane 5 of 5 some 5 prokaryotes, 5 a 5 specialized 5 molecule 5 that 5 shares 5 the 5 reaction-center 5 complex 5 with 5 a 5 pair 5 of 5 chlorophyll 5 a 5 molecules, 5 and 5 that 5 accepts 5 an 5 electron 5 from 5 them. photosystem 5 2 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔one 5 of 5 two 5 light-capturing 5 units 5 in 5 a 5 chloroplast's 5 thylakoid 5 membrane 5 or 5 in 5 the 5 membrane 5 of 5 some 5 prokaryotes; 5 it 5 has 5 two 5 molecules 5 of 5 P680 5 chlorophyll 5 a 5 at 5 its 5 reaction 5 center. photosystem 5 1 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 light-capturing 5 unit 5 in 5 a 5 chloroplast's 5 thylakoid 5 membrane 5 or 5 in 5 the 5 membrane 5 of 5 some 5 prokaryotes; 5 it 5 has 5 two 5 molecules 5 of 5 P700 5 chlorophyll 5 a 5 at 5 its 5 reaction 5 center.
activation 5 energy 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 amount 5 of 5 energy 5 that 5 reactants 5 must 5 absorb 5 before 5 a 5 chemical 5 reaction 5 will 5 start; 5 also 5 called 5 free 5 energy 5 of 5 activation. substrate 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 reactant 5 on 5 which 5 an 5 enzyme 5 works. enzyme-substrate 5 complex 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 temporary 5 complex 5 formed 5 when 5 an 5 enzyme 5 binds 5 to 5 its 5 substrate 5 molecule(s). active 5 site 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔The 5 specific 5 region 5 of 5 an 5 enzyme 5 that 5 binds 5 the 5 substrate 5 and 5 that 5 forms 5 the 5 pocket 5 in 5 which 5 catalysis 5 occurs. induced 5 fit 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔caused 5 by 5 entry 5 of 5 the 5 substrate, 5 the 5 change 5 in 5 shape 5 of 5 the 5 active 5 site 5 of 5 an 5 enzyme 5 so 5 that 5 it 5 binds 5 more 5 snugly 5 to 5 the 5 substate. fermentation 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 catabolic 5 process 5 that 5 makes 5 a 5 limited 5 amount 5 of 5 ATP 5 from 5 glucose 5 (or 5 other 5 organic 5 molecules) 5 without 5 an 5 electron 5 transport 5 chain 5 and 5 that 5 produces 5 a 5 characteristic 5 end 5 product, 5 such 5 as 5 ethyl 5 alcohol 5 or 5 lactic 5 acid. aerobic 5 respiration 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔A 5 catabolic 5 pathway 5 for 5 organic 5 molecules, 5 using 5 oxygen 5 (O2) 5 as 5 the 5 final 5 electron 5 acceptor 5 in 5 an 5 electron 5 transport 5 chain 5 and 5 ultimately 5 producing 5 ATP. 5 that 5 is 5 the 5 most 5 efficient 5 catabolic 5 pathway 5 and 5 is 5 carried 5 out 5 in 5 most 5 eukaryotic 5 cells 5 and 5 many 5 prokaryotic 5 organisms.
cellular 5 respiration 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔the 5 catabolic 5 pathways 5 of 5 aerobic 5 and 5 anaerobic 5 respiration, 5 which 5 break 5 down 5 organic 5 molecules 5 and 5 use 5 an 5 electron 5 transport 5 chain 5 for 5 the 5 production 5 of 5 ATP. NAD+ 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 coenzyme 5 that 5 cycles 5 easily 5 between 5 oxidized 5 and 5 reduced 5 states, 5 thus 5 acting 5 as 5 an 5 electron 5 carrier acetyl 5 CoA 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔acetyl 5 coenzyme 5 A; 5 the 5 entry 5 compound 5 for 5 the 5 citric 5 acid 5 cycle 5 in 5 cellular 5 respiration, 5 formed 5 from 5 a 5 fragment 5 of 5 pyruvate 5 attached 5 to 5 a 5 coenzyme. cytochromes 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔an 5 iron-containing 5 protein 5 that 5 is 5 a 5 component 5 of 5 electron 5 transport 5 chains 5 in 5 the 5 mitochondria 5 and 5 chloroplasts 5 of 5 eukaryotic 5 cells 5 and 5 the 5 plasma 5 membranes 5 of 5 prokaryotic 5 cells. mesophyll 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔leaf 5 cells 5 specialized 5 for 5 photosynthesis. NADP+ 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔an 5 electron 5 acceptor 5 that 5 temporarily 5 stores 5 energized 5 electrons 5 produced 5 during 5 the 5 light 5 reactions. light-harvesting 5 complex 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 complex 5 of 5 proteins 5 associated 5 with 5 pigment 5 molecules 5 (including 5 chlorophyll 5 a, 5 chlorophyll 5 b, 5 and 5 carotenoids) 5 that 5 capture 5 light 5 energy 5 and 5 transfers 5 it 5 to 5 reaction- center 5 pigments 5 in 5 a 5 photosystem
5 it 5 into 5 a 5 variety 5 of 5 organic 5 acids 5 at 5 night; 5 during 5 the 5 day, 5 CO2 5 is 5 released 5 from 5 organic 5 acids 5 for 5 use 5 in 5 the 5 Calvin 5 cycle. CAM 5 plants 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 plant 5 that 5 uses 5 crassulacean 5 acid 5 metabolism, 5 an 5 adaptation 5 for 5 photosynthesis 5 in 5 arid 5 conditions. 5 In 5 this 5 process, 5 carbon 5 dioxide 5 entering 5 open 5 stomata 5 during 5 the 5 night 5 is 5 converted 5 to 5 organic 5 acids, 5 which 5 release 5 CO2 5 for 5 teh 5 Calvin 5 cycle 5 during 5 the 5 day, 5 when 5 stomata 5 are 5 closed. C4 5 plant 5 - 5 Correct 5 answer 5 ✔a 5 plant 5 which 5 the 5 Calvin 5 cycle 5 is 5 preceded 5 by 5 reactions 5 that 5 incorporate 5 CO2 5 into 5 a 5 four-carbon 5 compound, 5 the 5 end 5 product 5 of 5 which 5 supples 5 CO2 5 for 5 the 5 Calvin 5 cycle.
