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INST 203 ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2025
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Why does Cardinal maintain that the treaties are as relevant to Indigenous people today as in the days in which they were negotiated?
treaty rights represent a sacred honourable agreement; rights are valuable;
What is the evidence that treaties were meant to last forever and that their validity was expected to extend to the future?
The evidence was their word**Embedded in oral tradition.cree : as long as the river flowsmetephor as long as the sun shines or sun walksas long as there are plants growingused pipes to connect to spiritual powers of land.treaty was not just between people but land aslo.
What factors tend to influence an Indigenous individual's decision to migrate to an urban centre? (Frideres & Gadacz)
go to city seeking education, work opportunities, amenities/services that are not on reserve; women move because of housing and family issues; people live where they can afford housing; people will choose location based on where others from their community live; where there is a sense of community;
Identify the main problems faced by service organizations in their attempts to assist Indigenous people who try to establish residences in urban areas. (Frideres & Gadacz)
jurisdictional tug of war between government results in justification for not developing policy
public services encourage participation of individuals in society but they fail to integrate Aboriginal people into urban society therefore they are more of a barrier
acculturating organization promotes assimilation to Euro-Canadian culture working on referral system but due to that Aboriginal people do not always have the qualifications finding it challenging to even be accepted into the program
accommodating organization attempts to compensate for the lack of preparedness of Aboriginal in contact with Euro-Canadian society, they are unable to offer any real assistance to Aboriginal people
member organizations work against the assimilation into Canadian society, they represent the interests of Aboriginal people as member of distinct people but effectiveness is weakened by absence of employment suited to Aboriginal people as Aboriginal people
Explain briefly the origin and development of the term "Indian."
- Columbus first used it because he thought he reached the east Indies
- European explorers, traders, and colonizers used the term "Indian" (or "Red Indian") to identify the Indigenous inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere
The Indigenous peoples of the United States and in Canada have reluctantly accepted the term Indian as a shared self-identification. Why?
the enduring impact of the attempted colonization of Indigenous peoples has been that the inclusive term has been forced on them, to the extent that some Indigenous peoples use the term for self-identification
What accounts for the higher number of Indigenous women than men in urban centres? (Frideres and Gadacz)
because of enfranchisement/marriage clauses; looking for housing
Since World War II, Indigenous people have been migrating to urban centres in ever increasing numbers. What factors prompt this migration? (Frideres & Gadacz)
after WW2 there was a rapid urban growth and they moved looking for employment, better services or escape from the reserve
How might a leader of an organization of status Indians rebut such arguments? (Dyck)
no benefit to have the rights and legal status of registered Indians eroded and replaced with a new Native policy that could be wind down hastily as it is devised
What is the difference between an "ethnic group" as defined by Barth and an "ethnostatus group" as defined by Waldram?
Barth defined membership in a particular ethnic group as to be effectively governed all behaviour in virtually every social situation, and further it cannot be disregarded and temporarily set aside by other definitions of the situation
ethnostatus groups implies that identity can be derived from a combination of cultural and legal factors (unlike "ethnicity," which develops primarily from cultural factors
What cultural factors make the legal distinction between "Indian" and "Métis" appear absurd and arbitrary to some Indigenous communities? (Waldram)
Hence, the cultural category "Indian" may include both those with and without legal Indian status. The "Metis" as a group may also contain non-status Indians who, in search for a more positive identity, have gravitated toward the Metis cultural group. However, while these individuals might declare themselves as "Metis," an objective examination might reveal a cultural pattern more congruent with "Indian."
According to Waldram, what is a "white-status Native"?
legally-defined "nonstatus Indians," and the culturally-defined "Metis."
According to Waldram, the legal distinction between Indian-status and white- status Natives leads to inequities in the delivery of government services. What
individuals who identify themselves as First Nations but are not entitled to registration on the Indian Register pursuant to the Indian Act are considered 'Non-status Indians'
According to officially recognized categories, what is the difference between a registered and a non-registered Indian person?
Registered Indians are persons who are registered under the Indian Act of Canada
What are the seven parts of the colonization process? (Frideres and Gadacz)
the seven parts of the colonization process are:
- incursion of colonizing group into geographical area
- destructive effect on social and cultural structures of Indigenous group
3/4. interrelated process of external political control and Aboriginal economic dependence
- provision of low quality social services for colonized Aboriginal individuals in areas like health and education
6/7. relate to social interactions between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people and refer ro racism and establishment of a colour-line
What is "collective" identity? (Frideres and Gadacz)
a collective identity is how the group sees themselves (self-image)
According to Frideres and Gadacz how were Aboriginal people first defined by Canada?
based on a mix of biology and culture; including the percentage of Indian blood someone had
How were non-status Indians defined by the Department of Indian Affairs? (Frideres and Gadacz)
people described as having some social or biological linkage to Indians — may exhibit all the social, cultural, and racial attributes of "Indianness," they are not defined as Indians in the legal sense
How did enfranchisement occur, and how could an Aboriginal person become reinstated? (Frideres and Gadacz)
lost their Indian status through changes in the definition of an Indian, are the product of a Indian/non-Indian marriage or were dropped from Indian roll by Indian register; could have been coerced by government (ex. up until 1960 needed to give up legal status to vote)
after Bill C-49 they could be reinstated by applying to be reinstated
How has the official description of the Inuit person changed from 1867 to the present? (Frideres and Gadacz)
were considered Indians, then was based on who was given a disc number
According to Frideres and Gadacz, what are some of the divisive effects of terminology and labelling of Aboriginal people?
leads government to strategy of divide and conquer as well as assimilation; Aboriginal people begin to fight among themselves; treaty vs non-treaty receive different privileges, different amounts of money and different rights so that is very divisive
What is meant by the term "enfranchisement" as applied to Indian people in Canada? Identify the legislation passed to facilitate enfranchisement of Indian people before and after Confederation.
What is meant by “commutation of annuities”? How did commutation affect Indian women who had “married out” after the promulgation of the Indian Act of 1951? (Jamieson, pp. 120 – 122)
Commutation of annuities means that the annuities come in one lump sum. Until 1951, women could collect annuities if she did not choose the lump sum so she was on the band list, but after 1951 once a woman married out her Indian status and band rights were stripped.
What financial and economic disadvantages were suffered by women who had married out? (Jamieson, pp. 123-125)
Lower financial compensation; lost a great deal of potential income; opportunity costs were very high;
How did Bill C-31 (An Act to Amend the Indian Act) remove discriminatory measures that had previously affected Indian women who had married out? (Jamieson, p. 128)
Eliminated enfranchisement and providing for the reinstatement of those women who lost their statutes in the past and gave power to the bands to formulate own membership codes
How could previously enfranchised Indian people and their children regain their Indian status once Bill C-31 became law? (Jamieson, p. 131)
They had to apply to the Department of Indian Affairs for reinstatement to band membership and re-registration for Indians under the Indian Act.
Why did some Indian bands oppose the reinstatement of Indian women who had married out to their status as band members? (Krosenbrink-Gelissen) Do you agree or disagree with the position taken by these bands? State your reasons.
To establish a national political office in Ottawa; until the existence of Indian and Aboriginal rights were fully recognized by federal government and legal guarantees were given
The Native Women's Association of Canada supports the attainment of Native self-government as a political priority, but thinks that there is a fundamental prerequisite to the attainment of that objective. Discuss this prerequisite, and the position of the Association toward it. (Krosenbrink-Gelissen)
the principle of sexual equality for Aboriginal men and women must unambiguously and constitutionally stand above Aboriginal self-government. This guarantee is perceived as necessary, and unless it is implemented Indian women will still be in trouble with band councils under self-government
How does the Native Women's Association of Canada define sexual equality? (Krosenbrink-Gelissen)
removing the sex-discriminatory provisions in the Indian Act
What categories of Indian people are created under Bill C-31? (Krosenbrink- Gelissen)
people who have to reinstate their Indian status; different school categories; people with fewer than two Indian grandparents
The Native Women's Association of Canada was not represented at the First Ministers' constitutional conferences. How did the Association influence constitutional changes that affected the interests of Native women? (Krosenbrink-Gelissen)
lobbied to have sexual equality on the constitutional agenda; participated in other official delegations; improved relations with the Assembly of First Nations
What was the nature of the roles held by Indigenous women in their societies prior to interaction with Euro-Canadian peoples?
women were highly respected with their thoughts being sought prior to decision making; woman was first person to accept peacemaker's message of peace and
To what does Jenness refer when he describes the "Apartheid system"? (Jenness, pp. 160-161)
the reserve system; working and living on the same space
How was the policy of enfranchisement related to assimilation policies? (Jenness, pp. 161-162)
because when people are enfranchised they are forced to assimilate to the majority population
How does the "Declaration of The First Nations, 18 November, 1981" define Indigenous rights? (Jenness, p. 338)
all rights from Royal Promclamation of October 1763; all rights recognized in treaties between the Crown and nations/tribes of Indians in Canada; all rights acquired by Aboriginal peoples in settlements of agreements with Crown
How is colonialism defined in J. Rick Ponting's "Relations between Bands and the Department of Indians Affairs: A Case of Internal Colonialism?" (Ponting, pp. 85-86)
forms of manipulation or social control exercised by the DIA bureaucracy over its Indian clientele. Particularly important were socio-fiscal control (based on control over the "purse strings") and technocratically based control, which might be called neo-paternal- ism.
In the study presented by Ponting, what were the criticisms against the Department of Indian Affairs concerning self-administration, economic development, and the flow of information? (Ponting, pp. 87-98)
DIA has prematurely sloughed off its administrative responsibilities onto some bands before they adequately prepared to assume those responsibilities; the alleged motivation for this is to make it likely that the bands will fail at self- administration so that (1) DIA will have to reassume responsibility; (2) other bands will be deterred from moving toward self-admin- istration and (3) the jobs of DIA staff members will be secured rather than phased out.
The most widespread criticism is that DIA's economic develop- ment programs are grossly under-funded. the inadequacy of funds to hire con- sultants to do adequate advance planning predisposes many eco- nomic development projects to failure; and the department's ap- proach of merely providing "seed" (start- up) money is a "band-aid" approach that fails to come to grips with the enormity and gravity of the need. They favour one band over others
One complaint is that some bands get notice of a meeting only after the meeting has already been held, or get notice of the existence of newly available program funds only after the deadline for applying or after other bands have already been allocated all or most of the funds. DIA is also criticized for not giving bands enough lead time to be able to respond properly to some requests for information and for some- times not giving enough advance notice to enable sound proposals to be formulated
What purpose does Ponting's parallel case study of the Newfoundland Workmen's Compensation Board serve? (Ponting, pp. 98-102)
social system is transition from traditionalism to modernism; distrust is prominent; paternalistic modes of thinking
What are Ponting's conclusions? (Ponting, pp. 102-109)
the Penner Committee's recommendation endorsing some Indian politicians' calls for the dissolution of DIA is too simplistic a solu- tion for at least the short to intermediate term.
(1) the realization that, like many other government departments, DIA is in an intermediary position between its clientele and the larger govern- ment apparatus; (2) that DIA is under siege from both sides; and (3) that unlike many
Outline the main provisions of the peace and friendship treaties with respect to maintaining peace and settling disputes
to obey the English Crown and lay down their arms; to be friendly to English subjects and not associate with the French; to carry on trade with the English according to the laws of the province or the wishes of its governor; to approach the government of the province to settle disputes whenever they occurred, instead of resorting to private acts of revenge; to give three hostages to the province as a pledge of their fidelity to the treaty; to free all English captives; and to permit English subjects to enter their land unmolested
Outline the main provisions of the peace and friendship treaties with respect to trading of goods in Aboriginal lands
The Aboriginal people were told not to engage in trade with European traders who were rivals of the English
Outline the main provisions of the peace and friendship treaties with respect to hunting, fishing, fowling
they were allowed to hunt, fish and fowl with no restrictions
Outline the main provisions of the peace and friendship treaties with respect to acknowledging Aboriginal title and sovereignty
The English promised to acknowledge Aboriginal title, liberties, and properties which had not been conveyed or sold to or possessed by English subjects
How did the rivalry between France and England affect the Aboriginal people's way of life before 1760?
caused alliances to be formed as they wanted the support or neutrality of indigenous peoples
How did gift giving become part of establishing friendly relations between Indian people and European powers? Discuss the different British and French views on gift giving.
English gave gifts to prevent a French-Indian alliance (thought gift giving was repugnant)
Friend placated Aboriginals by being generous in gift giving in hopes to prevent Anglo-Indian alliance
Briefly comment on Aboriginal diplomacy during the rivalry between the French and the British.
How does David McNab define "Colonial Office Indian policy"? (McNab, pp 85-
responsible for Indian policy in British North America;
What was the priority for administrators of the Indian Department in the 1840s and 1850s? (McNab, p. 86)
aimed to precent conflicts between the indigenous inhabitants and white settlers concerning issues related to land and labour
What four alternatives were put forward to address the "native question" in 1841? (McNab, p. 87)
extermination, slavery, insulation, amalgamation:
How did Merivale and the Indian Department respond to requests from bands in Rupert's Land to enter into treaty negotiations in the 1850s? (McNab, pp. 92-
he wanted it to be left alone because of the heavy HBC presence and they valued white settlers' labour more
What does Irene Spry mean by "the tragedy of the loss of the commons"? (Spry, pp. 203-211)
The tragedy of the commons is an economics problem in which every individual has an incentive to consume a resource, but at the expense of every other
4000 pounds, blacksmith to make spears and hoes; provisions be sent in the summer; annual presents sent our earlier
What factors, psychological, economic, social, and other, led Indigenous people to give up vast tracts of land to the colonial government? (Surtees, pp. 65-84)
They had declined in numbers, and because they were being separated from their american brethren, they were losing a major aspect of their importance in the eyes of British Commanders. There was also division within the province, promoted by British officials, into seperate tribes, groups within tribes, and so on. This was done to make each tribe dependant on the king of England. Careful use of interpreters, the location of the distribution of gifts, and the assignment of indian land agents
Why did the colonial government decide to negotiate treaties with the Indians in the Lake Huron and Lake Superior regions in 1850? (Morris)
there was the discovery minerals so the government thought it would desirable to extinguish Indian tite
Why were the Métis, or Halfbreed, people included in the Robinson treaties? (Morris)
"relations of the Indians and the half-breeds have long been cordial the claims of the halfbreed's recognition was ordered by Indians"
What is the significance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to treaties made with Indian people?
Britain issued a royal proclamation in which the provisions affecting Indians reflected the lessons learned from the Pontiac resistance. These provisions are regarded by many Aboriginal people as the "Magna Carta" of Aboriginal rights
According to Opekokew, the treaties confirmed certain principles and guaranteed certain rights in perpetuity. Outline and discuss five of these principles and rights.
- The Indian nations retained sovereignty over their people, lands, and resources, both on and off the reserves, subject to some shared jurisdiction with the appropriate government bodies on the lands known as unoccupied Crown lands. This is the foundation of Indian government.
- By signing the treaties, the Indian nations created an ongoing relationship with the Crown in Indian social and economic development in exchange for lands surrendered.
- The Indian nations established tax revenue sharing between the Crown and the Indian nations.
- The Indian nations established a political protocol for annual reviews of the progress of the treaties.
- The Indians' interpretation of the treaties will supersede all other interpretations.
Indian people have argued in litigation that the federal government has not lived up to its legal and moral responsibilities in the implementation of the treaties made with Indian people. Identify and describe key examples of outright breaches of the federal government's treaty obligations. (Opekokew)
1 The treaties required that all future dealings with Indian nations be based on the spirit and intent of the treaties, and required that those treaties supersede all future legislation and government policies affecting Indian people. That principle has been totally disregarded.
2 The Government of Canada does not regard treaties as being supreme and in fact has passed legislation, including the Indian Act, to supersede them. It is acknowledged that the federal government has exclusive responsibility to legislate in regard to Indians and their lands pursuant to the British North America Act, s.91(24), but that power to legislate should be subject to the treaties a d therefore should recognize Indian Government.
