Instruments of International Relations - Human Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Psychology

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Instruments of International Relations

• Political

• Economic

• Military

• Informational

National Policy Objectives

Instruments of International Relations -

the old world

NATIONAL

POLICY

OBJECTIVES

Diplomacy (^) Economics

Military (^) (Information)

International Communications -

as it was; as it became

• Diplomacy - ‘the sport of princes’ (private - public opinion irrelevant)
• Total War - mass involvement meant either mass slaughter or mass participation (dictatorship vs. democracy)
• Commercial interests - trade (from Reuters to the F.T. and News Corp)
• TNCs bigger than state actors (Microsoft)
• Main TNC/MNCs are now communications related

PD – the classic definition

‘Public Diplomacy – the open exchange of ideas and

information – is an inherent characteristic of

democratic societies. Its global mission is central to …

foreign policy. And it remains indispensable to …

[national] interests, ideals and leadership role in the

world’.

(US Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, 1991

Report).

The Informational/Perceptual Environment:

A Global struggle for ‘hearts and minds’?

Mass Media

Official Information

Personal Experience

Rumors, disinformation, counter propaganda

Instruments of International

Relations

Political

Economic

Military

Informational

(‘Hard’ and ‘Soft’)

National Policy Objectives

Soft Power

‘Soft power …is the ability to get desired outcomes because others want what you want. It is the ability to achieve goals through attraction rather than coercion. It works by convincing others to follow or getting them to agree to norms and institutions that produce the desired behavior.

Soft power can rest on the appeal of one's ideas or culture … and …depends largely on the persuasiveness of the free information that an actor seeks to transmit. If a state can [do this] it may not need to expend as many costly traditional economic or military resources.’ (Keohane & Nye)

A key element of soft power =

public (and cultural) diplomacy

 Long term = cultural and educational exchanges,

establishment and maintenance of credibility and mutual trust

 Short term = credible information dissemination

through all available media (espec. Broadcasting)

 News based (Public Affairs/Public

Information/Media Operations) for domestic audiences)

 Public Diplomacy for overseas audiences

 But where is the line between national and

international anymore? Docsity.com

Instruments of International

Information

‘PROPAGANDA’ or ‘PERCEPTION MANAGEMENT’

Public Affairs/ PI/Media Ops

Public/Cultural Diplomacy

International Broadcasting

PSYOPS

• Battlefield
• Consolidation (Nation Building?)
• Peace Support
• Strategic

Educational/Cultural Exchanges; International Sport; Medical exchanges

News vs. Views

‘Spin’; Media Management

…And what about another line?

• Is this ‘propaganda’ or ‘persuasion’?
• It depends which side you are one!
• Propaganda usually benefits the source
• PD/CD rests on mutual understanding and

mutual interests in order to

benefit…..who?

• News or Views?

The Cold War (of Words)

• Competition between two ‘ways of life’
• Long-term Soviet commitment to international broadcasting since 1920s
• US sets up Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty etc in 1950s
• Radio Swan for Cuba
• The Reagan Reinvigoration in 1980s
• Radio Marti, Radio this, Radio that….
• PD or Psychological Warfare?

The Cold War ‘won’ – then losing

the peace

• Gorbachev and Glassnost
• Chernobyl, 1986
• ‘The Voices’ and their impact on Eastern Europe
• The end of Soviet jamming
• The arrival of new technologies (faxes, satellite TV, then the internet)
• PD in decline in 1990s: US power left to speak for itself while others filled the info- space with anti-Americanism

US Public Diplomacy

• Under the State Department's reorganization on October 1, 1999, Evelyn Lieberman became the first Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.
• As she remarked in her confirmation hearing: "[P]ublic diplomacy, practiced in harmony with traditional diplomacy, will enable us to advance our interest, to protect our security, and to continue to provide the moral basis for our leadership in the world." http://www.usinfo.state.gov

US Organisation

• Bureau of Public Affairs (domestic) ‘to help

Americans understand the importance of

foreign affairs’

• Bureau of Educational & Cultural Affairs

(overseas) ‘fosters mutual understanding

between the people of the United States and

other countries’

• Elite audiences, not masses (e.g. the Arab

‘street’) the main target audience