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BOTANY HONOURS SYLLABUS
Course Title Total Credits B0T-UG-CT- 101 Biology of Cryptogams 04 B0T-UG-ET- 102 Zoology – I 04 B0T-UG-CC- 103 English-I 04
B0T-UG-CT- 201 Diversity & development of Seed plants
B0T-UG-ET- 202 Zoology – II 04 B0T-UG-CC- 203 Chemistry-I 04 B0T-UG-CT- 301 Systematics of Angiosperms and Phytogeography
B0T-UG-ET- 302 Zoology-III 04 B0T-UG-CC- 303 Chemistry-II 02
B0T-UG-CT- 401 Embryology, Economic Botany & Ethnobotany
B0T-UG-ET- 402 Chemistry-III 04 B0T-UG-CC- 403 GFC Environment 04
B0T-UG-CT- 501 Microbiology & Plant Pathology 04 B0T-UG-CT- 502 Physiology & Ecology 04 B0T-UG-CC- 503 Eastern Himalayan Studies 04
BOT-UG-CT- 601 Cell Biology, Genetics & Evolution 04 BOT-UG-CT- 602 Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding, Biometrics
BOT-UG-CT- 603 Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
SEMESTER I
B0T-UG-CT-101: BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOGAMS
Unit I: PHYCOLOGY General characteristics; Outline of Fritsch’s classification; Salient features of Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Baccilariophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. Evolution of sex in algae; Economic importance of algae. Important features of life cycles of Nostoc , Oedogonium , Chara , Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia.
Unit II: MYCOLOGY AND LICHENS General characteristics; Outline of Gwyne Vaughan’s & Ainsworth’s classification; Salient features of different classes (Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes); Important features of life cycles of Phytophthora , Puccinia , Agaricus and Alternaria ; Economic importance of fungi. Lichens: G eneral account of lichens with reference to economic importance and production.
Unit III: BRYOLOGY AND PTERIDOLOGY General characteristics; Classification and salient features of different classes;; Evolution of sporophytes; Life cycle of Marchantia , Anthoceros and Funaria. P teridophytes: General characteristics; Classification and salient features of different classes; Evolution of stele; Heterospory and seed habit; Life cycles of Rhynia , Lycopodium , Equisetum and Marsilea.
Unit IV: PRACTICAL
- Study of vegetative and reproductive parts with the help of temporary slide preparations of Oedogonium and Ectocarpus.
- Study of vegetative and reproductive parts with the help of temporary slide preparations of Pucinnia and Agaricus.
- Study of vegetative and reproductive parts with the help of permanent slide preparations of Marchantia and Funaria.
- Study of vegetative and reproductive parts with the help of permanent slide preparations of Lycpodium, Equisetum.
Text Books
- Vashishta, B.R., A.K. Singh and V.P. Singh: Algae, (S.C. Chand Co. Pvt. Ltd.)
- Ganguly, H.C. & Kar, A.K.: College Botany, Vol. II, (New Central Book Agency).
- Alexopoulous, C.J., Mims, C.G. and Blackwell: Introductory Mycology, (Wiley Eastern)
- Agrios, G.M. : Plant Pathology, (Academic Press)
- Vashishta, B.R. (2000) : Fungi , (S. Chand & Co), New Delhi.
- Pelczar, M.J., Chan, P.C.S. and Krieg, N.R.: Microbiology, (McGraw Hill)
- Dubey, R.C. & Maheshwari, D.K.: A text book of Microbiology, (S. Chand)
- Vashishta, B.R.: Bryophyta (S.Chand)
- Ganguly, H.C. & Kar, A.K. (1980): College Botany, Vol.II, (Tata McGrawHill, New Delhi)
- Vashista, P.C. : Pteriodophyta, (S.C. Chand )
- Ganguly, H.C., Das, K.S. and Dutta, C.T.: College Botany, Vol.I, (New Central Book Agency)
- Naik, V.N.: Taxonomy of Angiosperms , (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi)
- Lawrance, G.H.M.: Taxonomy of Vasclar Plants, (Oxford & IBH)
- Eames, A. J. : Morphology of the Angiosperm
- Maheswari, P.(1999): An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms, (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi)
- Raghavan, V.: Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: A Developmental and experimental study.
Reference Books
- Sporne, K.R.(1961): The Morphology of Gymnosperms, (Hutchinson University Library, London)
- Bhatanagar, S.P. and Moitra, A : Gymnosperm, (New Age International)
- Chamberlain, C.J.: Gymnosperms: Structure and evolution, (CBS publishers and distributors)
- Stewart, W.N. & Rothwell, G.W.: Paleobotany and evolution of plants , (Cambridge University Press)
- Erdtman, G.: Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, (Ielden:E.G. Brill)
- Nair, P.K.K.: Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms, (Scholar Publications)
- Fahn, A.(1992): Plant Anatomy, (Pergamon Press, New York)
- Jones, S.B. & Luchsinger, A.B: Plant Systematics, (McGraw Hill)
- Jefferey, C.: An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy , (Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd)
- Radford, A.B. : Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, (Harper & Row)
SEMESTER -III
BOT-UG-CT-
SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Unit I: TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY AND ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY Taxonomic category; taxonomic groups; concepts of species, genus and family. Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules; ranks and names; type method; principle of priority and its limitations. Major contributions of cytology, phytochemistry, palynology, numerical taxonomy.
Unit II: ANGIOSPERMS SYSTEMATIC Natural, Artificial and Phylogenetic; Salient feature of Bentham and Hooker’s system, Engler and Prantl’s system and Cronquist’s system. Major contributions of cytology, phytochemistry, palynology, numerical taxonomy. diagnostic features and systematic position of: Ranunculaceae, Malvaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Araceae, Poaceae and Orchidaceae.
Unit III: PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Phytogeoraphical regions of India. Characteristics of Sunderbans, Eastern and Western Himalayan regions. Endemism and Barriers to plant distribution. GIS and its application.
Unit IV: PRATICAL 1. Systematics of angiosperms: Study of the morphology of locally available plants of the following families included in theoretical syllabus including floral formula, floral diagram and their identification up to genus by following any published keys:
- Spot Identification upto species, mentioning families of all locally available plants included under the theoretical syllabus.
- There should be one local and one outside Sikkim botanical excursion.
- Submission of field reports with digital photographs and description of at least 20 wild angiosperms of Sikkim.
Text Books
- Ganguly, H.C and Kar, A.K.: College Botany, Vol.II, (New Central Book Agency)
- Naik, V.N.: Taxonomy of Angiosperms , (Tata McGraw Hill)
- Lawrance, G.H.M.: Taxonomy of Vasclar Plants, (Oxford & IBH)
- Jefferey, C.: An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy , (Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd)
- Radford, A.B. : Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, (Harper & Row)
- Mani, M.S. : Bio-geography of Indi, (Springer Verlag)
- Botkin and Keller : Environmental Planet, (John Wiley)
Reference Books
- Jones, S.B. & Luchsinger, A.B: Plant Systematics, (McGraw Hill)
- Datta, S. C.: Systematic Botany, (Wiley Eastern)
- Mitra, J. N.(1990): An Introduction to Systematic Botany & Ecology , (Mont Library, Kolkata)
- Rendle, A.B.: Taxonomy , Vol. I and II., The classification of flowering plants, (Cambridge University Press)
- Eames, A. J. : Morphology of the Angiosperm
- Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.: Concept of Ecology, (S. Chand and Sons Co.)
SEMESTER – IV
BOT-UG-CT-
EMBRYOLOGY, ECONOMIC BOTANY, ETHNOBOTANY
Unit I: INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY Flower: Evolution, concept of flower as a modified determinate shoot. Pollen/spore morphology and its role in taxonomy. Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis and megagametogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic types); pollen-pistil interaction; development, structure and function of endosperm; types of haustoria; embryogeny-different types, function of suspensor and synergid; polyembryony; apomixis.
Unit II: ECONOMIC BOTANY Plants for man: cereals, pulses, fibres, and oils, spices, condiments, beverages, timber, fruit, aromatic and medicinal plants, ornamental plants (scientific names and families of at least three plants of each category and the parts used); origin of cultivated plants & domestication of crop plants with case studies (millets rice, finger millets, jute, mustard, potato..
Unit III: ETHNOBOTANY Ethnobotany and its significance in Eastern Himalayass; wild edible plants consumed by the ethnic people of Sikkim Himalayas; folk-medicine of the Sikkim Himalayas. Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy); Ethnomedicine of Eastern Himalayan communities.
Unit IV: PRACTICAL
- Dissection of dicot and monocot embryos.
wheat; late blight of potato; early blight of potato and blister blight of tea. Host-defense mechanism. Genetic screening for disease resistance in plants. Plant disease management.
Unit IV: PRACTICAL Preparation of media: Sterilization, inoculation.
- Isolation and culture of microorganisms from: serial dilution, streaking on agar plates/pour plate method.
- Enumeration of microbial population by using colony counter
- Gram staining technique.
- Isolation of bacteria from natural habitat – root nodules/curd/any other.
- Histopathological study of important plant diseases.
Text Books
- Agrios, G.M. : Plant Pathology, (Academic Press)
- Mandahar, C.L. : Introduction to plant viruses, (S. Chand & Sons Co)
- Ganguly, H.C. & Kar, A.K. (1980): College Botany, Vol.II, (Tata McGrow Hill, New Delhi)
- Pelczar, M.J., Chan, P.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1993) : Microbiology, (Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi)
- Stanier, R.Y., Ingrahm, J.L., Wheelis, M.L. & Painter, P.R.: General Microbiology, (Macmillan Education Ltd.)
- Dubey, R.C. & Maheshwari, D.K.: A text book of Microbiology, (S. Chand and Sons co)
- Banerjee, A. & Banerjee, N.: Introductory Microbiology
Reference Books
- Bold, H.C., Alexopoulous, C.G. and Delevoryas, T.: Morphology of plants and Fungi, (Harper and Row Publishers)
- Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R.(1980): An introduction to mycology, (New Age International)
- A t l a s , R_._ M. : P r i n c i p l e s o f M i c ro b i o l o g y, (McGraw Hill)
- Schlegel, H.G.: General Microbiology , (Cambridge, University Press)
- Prescott, L.M., Harley, P. and Klein, A.(1933): General Microbiology,(ed II) (WCB McGraw Hill, England)
- Salle, A.J.: Fundamental principles of Microbiology, (Tata McGraw Hill)
BOT-UG-CT-502: PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Unit I: INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Absorption of water and minerals: Translocation of solutes, ion transport. Transpiration: Mechanism of stomatal transpiration; mineral nutrition, criterion of essentiality of mineral elements; beneficial elements; macro and micro nutrients. Growth regulators: Physiological roles and biosynthesis of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscissic acid; Pytochrome: structure and function; Dormancy.
Unit II: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION Photosynthesis: Dark and light reaction; cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport chain; Mechanism of photosynthesis in C3, C4 and CAM plants; Respiration: Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle; ATP synthesis; Photorespiration.
Unit III: ECOLOGY
Definitions: Ecological factors; ecological adaptations; community structure and development (succession). Energy flow in ecosystem; Population ecology: Growth curves and ecotypes.
Unit VI: PRACTICAL Principle and experiment of: a. Measurement of leaf area and determination of rate of transpiration per unit area by weighing method. b. Estimation of water absorption by fatty/proteinaceous seeds. c. Determination of evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis. d. Evolution of carbondioxide during aerobic respiration and measurement of volume.
Ecology: a. Determination of minimum area of sampling unit (quadrat) for study of communities. b. Study of local flora by quadrat and determination of frequency, density and IVI.
Text Books
- Shukla, R.S. & Chandal, P.S. : Plant Ecology, (S. Chand & Co)
- Odum, E.P.: Fundamentals of Ecology, (Rastogi Pub)
- Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2002): Plant Physiology , (Sunderland: Sinauer Association)
- Mukherjee, S & Ghosh, A.: Plant Physiology (Tata McGraw Hill)
- Hopkins, W.G.: Introduction to Plant Physiology, (John Wiely)
- Voet, D and Voet, J.G.: Biochemistry, (John Wiley)
- De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.M.: Cell and Molecular Biology, (Lee & Febrigas)
- Stickberger, M.W.: Genetics ,(McMillan)
- Power, C.B.: Cell Biology , (Himalaya Publishing House)
- Gupta, P.K.: Genetics, (Rastogi Publication)
Reference Books
- Chapman and Riss: Ecology, Principles and application (Cambridge University Press)
- Mani, M.S.: Bio-geography of Indi, (Springer Verlag)
- Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.: Concept of Ecology, (S. Chand and Sons Co.)
- Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C: Plant Physiology (1974) , (CBS Pub & Dist.)
- Goodwin, T.W. & Mercer, E.I.: Introduction to Plant Biochemistry, (Oxford: Pergamom)
- Buchanan, Gruissen and Jones: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants ,
- Heldt, H.W.: Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
- Nelson, D.L., and Cox, M.N., Lehniger's, Biochemistry
- Klug, W.S & Cummings, M.R.: Concept of Genetics, (Prentice Hall Int. Inc)
SEMESTER – VI
BOT-UG-CT-601: CELL BIOLGY, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Unit I: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; cell wall, plasma membrane, cell organelles, chromosome organization; chromosomal aberrations (structural and numerical); Outline of mitosis and meiosis. Structure of Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA structure; DNA replication.
Sampling methods, collection and presentation of data; Measures of central tendency, standard deviation and standard error; co-efficient of variation; probability; test of significance; t-test and chi-square test.
Unit IV: PRACTICAL
- Emasculation and bagging of flowers (Demonstration).
- Hybridization
- Biostatistics: Measurement of central tendency: mean, median, and mode; Measurement of dispersion; standard deviation and standard error; Determination of goodness of fit; Students t-test. Probability.
- Visit to the nearest Germplasm Centre, Herbal Garden, Biodiversity Park and Botanical gardens
Text Books
- De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.M.: Cell and Molecular Biology, (Lee & Febrigas)
- Power, C.B.: Cell Biology , (Himalaya Publishing House
- Lodish, H. et. al.: Molecular Cell Biology, (Freeman publication)
- Chawdhri, H.K.: Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding , (Oxford and IBH)
- Allard, R.W.: Principles of Plant Breeding, (John Wiley)
- Sigh, B.D.: Plant Breeding : Principles and Methods, (Kalyani Publishers)
Reference Books
- Klug, W.S & Cummings, M.R.: Concept of Genetics, (Prentice Hall Inc)
- Russell, P.J.: Genetics (Benjamin & Cummings)
- Stickberger, M.W.: Genetics ,(McMillan)
- Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J. & Snustad, D.P: Principle of Genetics, (John Wiley)
- Gupta, P.K.: Genetics, (Rastogi Publication)
- Lewin, B.: Gene VIII, ( Oxford Univ. Press)
- Poehlman, J.M. & Barthakur, D: Plant Breeding, (Oxford and IBH)
- Bailey, N.T.J: Statistical Methods in Biology, (Cambridge University Press)
- Khan, I.A and Khanum, A: Fundamentals of Biostatistics.
BOT-UG-CT-
BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit I: BIOCHEMISTRY Molecules of life: Structure, characteristics and classification of carbohydrates, lipids and Proteins. Basic concepts in metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (schematic representation only). Enzymes: Characteristic feature of active site, cofactors & co-enzymes, allosteric regulation of enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme action.
Unit II: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Nucleic Acids: Composition of nucleic acids and synthesis of nucleotides; DNA structure; A, B and Z forms; Central Dogma; DNA replication, transcription and translation (schematic representation only); basic concepts in gene regulation - operon concept.
Unit III: BIOTECHNOLOGY Role of biotechnology in crop improvement: Applications of Plant tissue culture (Micropropagation, virus free plantlet production, cell and protoplast culture); rDNA technology (transgenics production), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and molecular markers in genetic improvement of crop plants.
Unit IV: PRACTICAL
- Calculation and preparation of different normal and molar solutions.
- Preparation of buffers; determination of pH.
- Estimation of soluble protein by Lowry’s method.
- Estimation of amino acids by Ninhydrin method.
- Chemical tests to demonstrate the presence of starch, sugar, fat and protein in plant material.
- Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.
- Colorimetric estimation of DNA using diphenyl amine.
- Gel electrophoresis for detection of genomic DNA (demonstration).
Text Books:
- Voet, D and Voet, J.G.: Biochemistry, (John Wiley)
- Goodwin, T.W. & Mercer, E.I.: Introduction to Plant Biochemistry, (Oxford: Pergamom)
- Buchanan, Gruissen and Jones: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants ,
- De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.M.: Cell and Molecular Biology, (Lee & Febrigas)
- Lodish, H. et. al.: Molecular Cell Biology, (Freeman publication)
- B a l a s u b r a m a n i a n , D. e t a l : C o n c e p t s i n Biotechnology, (University Press)
- Dubey, R.C. (1993): Biotechnology, (S. Chand and Son, New Delhi)
Reference Books
- Heldt, H.W.: Plant Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
- Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.N., Lehniger's, Biochemistry
- Power, C.B.: Cell Biology , (Himalaya Publishing House)
- Lewin, B.: Gene VIII, ( Oxford Univ. Press)
- Razdan, M.K.: An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture , (Oxford and IBH)
- B a l a s u b r a m a n i a n, D. e t a l : C o n c e p t s i n Biotechnology, (University Press)
- Bjojwani, S.S. & Razdan, M.K.: Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, (Elsevier)
- Dixon, R.A. & Gonzales, M.K.: Plant Cell Culture: A practical approach, (Oxford Univ. Press)
