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INTERNET OF THINGS
Unit- 2
UNIT II: Elements of IoT Hardware Components- Computing- Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ARM Cortex-A class processor, Embedded Devices – ARM Cortex-M class processor, Arm Cortex-M 0 Processor Architecture, Block Diagram, Cortex-M 0 Processor Instruction Set, ARM and Thumb Instruction Set.
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- Elements of IoT Hardware Components: IoT (Internet of Things) hardware components encompass a variety of devices and sensors that enable the collection of data from the physical world and facilitate communication with other devices and the cloud. The hardware components play a crucial role in making IoT applications possible. Here are some key elements of IoT hardware components:
- Sensors: Sensors are fundamental IoT hardware components that collect data from the physical environment. They can detect various parameters, such as temperature, humidity, light, pressure, motion, proximity, and more. Sensors convert the physical signals into electrical signals that can be processed and transmitted for further analysis.
- Actuators : Actuators are devices that perform physical actions based on the data and commands rived from the IoT system. They can change the state of the environment, such as turning on/off appliances, controlling motors, adjusting valves, or opening/closing doors. Actuators enable IoT devices to interact with the physical world.
- Memory and Storage: Memory and storage components are nssary for data buffering, temporary storage, and firmware storage. They allow IoT devices to store data when the connectivity is temporarily lost and provide sufficient memory for data processing tasks.
- User Interfaces: Some IoT devices come with user interfaces that allow users to interact with the device directly. These interfaces can be physical buttons, touchscreens, displays, or voice-based interaction.
- Security Features: IoT devices must have security features to protect data and prevent unauthorized access. Hardware security modules (HSMs), secure boot, and tamper-proof elements help ensure the integrity and confidentiality of data.
- Prototyping and Development Kits: For IoT developers, prototyping and development kits provide ready-made platforms with integrated hardware and software components to accelerate the development process.
Computing
- Computing refers to the process of performing calculations, data processing, and executing tasks using computers or computing devices. It involves using algorithms, software, and hardware to manipulate data, solve problems, and generate desired outcomes.
- Algorithms: Algorithms are step-by-step procedures or instructions for solving a specific problem or performing a task. They are the foundation of computing and help computers proc
- Data: Data refers to raw facts, figures, or information that computers process. It can be in the form of text, numbers, images, audio, video, and more less data and make decisions.
- Software: Software consists of programs, applications, and operating systems that instruct the computer to perform specific tasks. It includes both system software (e.g., operating systems) and application software (e.g., word processors, web browsers).
- Cloud Computing: Cloud computing delivers computing resources (e.g., processing power, storage, applications) over the internet on-demand. It provides scalable and cost-effective solutions for businesses and individuals.
- Mobile Computing : Mobile computing involves computing devices, such as smartphones and tablets, that can be used on the go. It enables mobile access to applications and data.
- Computing has revolutionized nearly every aspect of modern life, from communication and entertainment to healthcare, transportation, finance, and scientific research
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Arduino:
- Arduino is an open-source electronics platform widely used for creating interactive projects and prototypes. It consists of both hardware and software components that make it easy for hobbyists, students, and professionals to build a wide range of electronic projects.
Key Components of Arduino:
- Arduino Board: The Arduino board is the central component of the platform. It typically consists of a microcontroller, voltage regulator, input/output (I/O) pins, and other components nssary for its operation. There are various Arduino board models with different features and capabilities, ranging from basic boards to more advanced ones.
- Microcontroller: The microcontroller is the brain of the Arduino board. It is a small computer on a chip that executes the program instructions and interacts with other components connected to the board.
Things need to be considered for developing on the Arduino
- Understanding Arduino Basics:
- Project Scope and Requirements: Having a clear goal in mind will help you plan and design
- Selecting the Right Arduino Board:
- External Components and Sensors: Identify the external components and sensors required for your project. Ensure that they are compatible with the Arduino board and have the nssary libraries and documentation for integration.
- Power Supply:
- Programming : Write the Arduino code (sketch) that will control your project
- Testing and Debugging:
- Safety Considerations: Be mindful of potential
short circuits and overheating.
- Storage : Raspberry Pi boards use microSD cards for storage, where the operating system, applications, and data are stored
- Connectivity : Raspberry Pi boards offer various connectivity options, including USB ports, HDMI outputs for displays, audio jacks, Ethernet ports, and wireless capabilities such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
- Operating System : Raspberry Pi can run various operating systems, with the most popular being Raspberry Pi OS (formerly known as Raspbian), a Linux distribution optimized for the Raspberry Pi.
- Software Development : Raspberry Pi supports multiple programming languages, including Python, C++, Java, and more.
- Projects and Applications : Raspberry Pi is widely used for a variety of projects, such as home automation, media centers, retro gaming consoles, robotics, weather stations, IoT devices, and more.
Considerations for Developing on Raspberry Pi:
- Project Scope: Define the goals and requirements of your project to determine which Raspberry Pi model and components are suitable.
- Software and Programming : Choose the appropriate programming language and development tools based on your project's requirements. Familiarize yourself with the Raspberry Pi OS and its capabilities.
- Hardware Integration : Plan how you will connect external components to the GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi. Use appropriate circuits and wiring diagrams to ensure proper connections.
- Power Supply : Ensure you have a stable power supply for your Raspberry Pi to avoid unexpected shutdowns or data corruption.
Arduino Raspberry Pi In the year 2005, the classrooms of the Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy, first introduced the Arduino board. In the year 2012, Eben Upton first introduced the Raspberry Pi device in February. Control unit of the Arduino is from the Atmega family. The control unit of Raspberry Pi is from the ARM family. Arduino is based on a microcontroller. While Raspberry Pi is based on a microprocessor. Arduino boards have a simple hardware and software structure. While Raspberry Pi boards have a complex architecture of hardware and software. CPU architecture: 8 bit. CPU architecture: 64 bit. It uses very little RAM, 2 kB. While Raspberry Pi requires more RAM, 1 GB. It clocks a processing speed of 16 MHz. While Raspberry Pi clocks a processing speed of 1.4 GHz. It is cheaper in cost. While Raspberry Pi is expensive.
ARM processors are known for their power efficiency, scalability, and widespread adoption across different industries. There are several ARM processor families, each designed for specific applications and performance levels. ARM Cortex-A Series : The Cortex-A series is designed for applications requiring high-performance processing and power efficiency. These processors are commonly used in smartphones, tablets, laptops, networking equipment, and servers. The Cortex-A series processors are known for their multi- core architecture and advanced features like out-of-order execution, hardware virtualization support, and SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) extensions for multimedia processing. Cortex-A processors include: Cortex-A 53 : A power-efficient processor commonly used in mid-range smartphones and other low-power applications.
