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Both intracellular and extracellular digestion are ancient mechanisms of acquiring nutrients. Intracellular digestion is crucial at the cellular level (even in complicated organisms for excretion and protection), whereas extracellular digestion permits larger organisms to efficiently utilize a broader variety of food sources with specialized systems.
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food molecules into simpler, smaller molecules that are absorbed and used by an organism in order to gain energy, grow, and There are two general strategies organisms Digestion within
Digestion of Substance in the Cytoplasm or Special Organelles (e.g., Lysosomes) of a
substance in the cytoplasm or special
solid particles (e.g., bacteria, waste food) into
and dissolved solutes into very small vesicles known as pinosomes.
(phagosome) merges with a lysosome. Lysosomes are vesicles filled with very active
phagolysosome (secondary lysosome), dismantle all these intricate protein particles,
simple animal where specialized cells (amoebocytes and choanocytes) carry out
macrophages in multicellular animals (human beings) employ intracellular digestion to kill infecting microorganisms (viruses, bacteria)
Lysosome. Most recent studies have continued to uncover lysosomal functionality, its connection to nutrient perception (e.g., through interactions of the mTOR pathway) and its correlation with disease processes
particle the cell can engulf and the effectiveness of individual lysosomes. Ineffective for breaking down very large
enzymes (exoenzymes) to break down complex organic material within their
Possess specialized digestive compartments (mouth, stomach, intestines). Food is broken down in these compartments (e.g., pepsin in stomach, amylase in saliva and intestine, lipase in intestine) before nutrient absorption
Permits organism to consume and digest food
Enzyme Location Inside lysosomes Secreted outside the cell Process Enzyme^ secretion Common In Protozoa, Sponges, Immune cells Fungi, Bacteria, Most Animals Both intracellular and extracellular digestion are ancient mechanisms of acquiring nutrients. Intracellular digestion is crucial at the cellular level (even in complicated organisms for excretion and protection), whereas extracellular digestion permits broader variety of food sources with specialized systems. Knowledge of these processes is important to understanding metabolism, cell biology, and organismal
