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In these notes are some pieces of information about the Menominee tribe of Wisconsin. The Menominee forest is world renowned. The Menominee forest was one of the first forests if not the first forest that set the base of the United States natural resources program. Among the notes are tidbits of information from the first few weeks of the intro to natural resources class.
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Natural resources Notes 8-18-2022: Menominee tribal members were suppose to be shipped out to minnesota but an addition to treaties put together by the chiefs allowed them to stay. In our area for a long time the green bay sturgeon bay area was covered with ice. 13000 years ago ice bergs melted. not a lot of record of what things were like. Land from gulf to canada surveyed the land by the mile. would take notes by the square mile. Today there are maps of vegetation taken of wisconsin. There is a tension zone. There is a divide of wisconsin of prairie like land and a northern area of wetter forestry area. Natural resources - ethics and philosophy 1918 there was a wildfire in minnesota where 1000 people died. 1930's Kansas had dust storms or black blizzards. Would blow away 6 inches of tops soil as far down as the plow would go. Does natural resources mean things in natural that we can use? Too many leaders believe humans stand above the rest of the natural world -Dr. Daniel Wildcat. Nature and culture cannot be divorced. The average american can name 100 corporate logos and only 10 plants. -Robin Kimmerer Sacred land film project- oren lyons said we call it mother earth because we respect it. Food sovereignty -Food security, people are entitled to the food of their people and should be allowed the food of their people and get their daily needs. Diet related diseases are due to colonization. In many places of the world food is more integrated to ceremonial and spiritual. In western society food is often wasted and hardly thought of and has less meaning. There is plenty of meat to go around. Americans eat about 200lbs a year. Sustainable agriculture is a panic world that people think means they have to eat less food. Aldo leopold - developed idea that we should view environments as ecosystems rather than whats best for the human. Ecosystems have intrinsic moral worth. 22-30 million acres of forests in 1800s 16 million acres today mostly less than 10" in diameter. pine trees were 6ft around and hundreds of feet tall. by the 1890s most logging companies went out of business because there were no trees that size anymore to cut. Prairies in wisconsin about 2.1 million acres in mid 1800s less than 10k acres of varying quality remain, most are less than 10 acres in size and cannot maintain themselves. Prairie plants: Big blue stem, Cream wild indigo, Purple Prairie clover, round headed bush-clover found in sandier sites. Rigid Goldenrod many species of this plant. Meadow Blazingstar likes to grow in damp meadows, beautiful purple. common milkweed important for monarch caterpillars. Orange and pink milkweeds also grow. Prairies and savannas in wisconsin had bison or american buffalo. Elk have been reintroduced in wisconsin in small communities. Greater Prairie chicken, pheasants are from china. few populations in the state of wisconsin. Natural resources also include soil, rock, water, some of it is for food, aesthetic appeal and fresh drinking water. Lake michigan and fresh water lakes are really deep. Lake superior is 1333ft. Lake huron is 751ft deep. Lake erie is 210 feet. Lake michigan is 925 feet deep. Carved out by the glaciers have fed people for thousands of years. Lots of wild rice restoration is happening. If you take care of it thousands of lbs of food will come your way. Cattails that grow in this region are mostly hybrids. Very vigorous love maintained water that doesn't change. Invasive. Paul L Errington, scientist studied muskrats. How there numbers changed throughout the years and how their numbers have changed the wetlands. Salmon is not a native species of wisconsin. Introduced and ate alewife. Since 1995 to 2018 the great lakes are warming.
The scientific method - philosophy and approach to study an observable phenomenon. A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century. It consists in systematic observation, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses by the use of experiments. Not a body of knowledge handed down to tell people they are right or wrong. It is a philosophical approach to learning that is widely used among many people today. It is characterized by attempts to be objective and the let the observable facts speak for themselves. ALL of humanity makes use of ongoing, often shared, observation. Science and Technology are two different pursuits. Technology is the application. Science is where we verify the knowledge. Steps of the scientific method, Observation, question, hypothesis, results, conclusion. It is very easy to make experiments that get the wrong answer. Parts of a typical scientific paper , Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion. What is the value of habitat? What is the value of water? What is the value of food? What is the value of wood? What is the value of air? Natural Resources notes 8/ The menominee people have long recognized the need for balance between environment, community and economy both in the short term and for future generations. Menominee culture and tradition teaches us never to take more resources than produced within natural cycles so that all life can be sustained. Chief Oshkosh. Late 1800s Few transportaion links to the reservation. Most wood was gathered from dead and downed trees and for personal use, or cleared for farms under federal law. The forest mostly retained its original character with scattered villages across the area. The other forests in the region were being logged rapidly. Peshtigo fire burns across several counties in 1871. 5 Billion board feet harested across the state in 1889. Roads and rail lines began reaching deeper into remote areas. 1908 La Follette Act Maintained the limit on annual harvest of standing timber authorized the construcion of a sawmill to make lumber required operation to be staffed by tribal members set aside funds for the protection, preservation, and harvest of the menominee forest. First time that sustained yield forestry is officiall enacted in USA and it became a model for other tribes and communities across the nation. This became a key part of the progressive agenda at the time, promoting individual and community interests over corporate business interests. Propelled La Follette to draft a declariation of principles to unite the progressive republicans. Protecting tribal resources for the benefit of the tribes was a part of this platform. How did it play out? Act included both the new us forest service dept of agriculture and the dept of interior. USFS began marking trees for selective harvest, but Indian agents worked to exclude them and ignore them. Clear cutting continued in many locations. New DOI forester lloyd grapp returned to selective cutting and reforestation in 1926 to protect the forest and sustain the yield for a perpetual harvest. Two thirds of menominee men worked at logging and milling. Tribe megan amassing financial wealth and had education hospitals and money to help tribal members.
Most regeneration is natural. Some species are released from competition to encourage them to produce more. Silvicultural activities at the stand level. Provide for continuity between forest generations in biological richness. Silvicultural activities at the landscape level. Create and aintan heterogeneity of larger landscapes to provide the diversity of forest and forest conditions needed to maintain forest biodiversity and functionality. Recognize areas that have exceptional ecological or cultural value and manage them to maintain and protect those values. Understand and accommodate landscape threshold values for conditions that can have critical impacts on land-scape. Natural Resources September 1 2022 Sustainable Forestry- The practice of managing dynamic forest ecosystems to provide ecological, economic, social, and cultural benefits for present and future generations Sustainable Forestry Practices must be based on: Landowner Obj- May cover a wide range of value and benefits Site capabilities- Environmental conditions determine tree growth. Sound Silviculture- Stands are managed to meet obj that fit the site. A Plan is Needed Goals are concise statements of future conditions in general terms. Objectives are concise, time-specific statements for measurable, planned results by a specific date. In Sound Silviculture, Goals often refer to an entire property and Objectives to specific stands. Site Evaluation and stand delineation. A “site” is a portion of land with specific environmental conditions that affect plant growth and ecosystem function. They are determined from: Soil, Topography, Land Form, Geology, Vegetation, and Site Index Stands can have the same tree and soil and vegetation. But be labeled different stands because of recreation or timber logging Harvesting. Site Capabilities Site quality is the sum total of all factors that affect the growth of trees and other vegetation. What are these? Production, species composition, succession, and economic and other opportunities are all strongly influenced by site quality. Site quality can be measured or estimated via… Direct assessments like historic yields and mean annual increment. Indirect assessments like Site Index, Vegetation Habitat Type, And physical site characteristics. Some of these involve sitting in front of a computer, photography, going into the field and measuring. SILVICULTURE A silviculture system is planned manipulation of vegetation over the life of a stand. They have three components: Harvest- Several methods from selecting a few to removing all. Regeneration- Natural includes seeds and sprouts from stumps and roots, artificial includes manipulated seeding or planting. Includes afforestation on non-forest lands, reforestation and conversion, and reforestation and conversion, and reforestation and re-establishment Tending- Pruning, release, thinning, salvage. (Why do we do these? To improve stand quality.) Silvicultural systems are based on a thorough knowledge of silvics, the biology of tree relatives. Considerations- Shade tolerance, Age distribution, site condition, understory competition, herbivory, seed production and depredation, seedbed condition/germination requirements, seedling establishment, competition, timber quality
Even age silvicultural systems: These three mimic the affects of a major environmental disturbance and are appropriate to shade intolerant or sun loving species. COPPICE- Uses vegetative reproduction to regenerate the stand. CLEAR CUT removes most or all woody vegetation. Seeds from cut tops adjacent areas, or from soil seed bank regenerate the stand. SEED TREE removes most woody vegetation, but specifically leaves behind a small number of trees to reseed the site. EVEN AGE SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS: These mimic natural deterioration of the overstory and are appropriate for species with some shade tolerance or the need for high seeding rates. SHELTERWOOD is an approach where the overstory is removed in several cuts and the ground layer manipulated to provide plenty of light under partial shade. It encourages the growth of straight stems and requires the removal of less desirable trees too. Regeneration begins before the harvest is completed. OVERSTORY REMOVAL harvests the entire overstory in one harvest on sites where regeneration is already well underway. EVEN AGE TENDING METHODS Those applied to young trees are usually non-commercial and are part of TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT (TSI) PRUNING involves the removal side branches or those with disease RELEASE is the removal of undesirable species. THOSE CARRIED OUT AT INTERMEDIATE STAGES ON LARGER TREES MAY HAVE COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES. THINNING is the removal of some of the trees to enhance survival, growth rates, and over all production in the rest of the stand. IMPROVEMENT CUTTING is the removal of any undesirable tree to improve overall quality and value of the stand, and may be part of a thinning process. CONSIDERATIONS FOR EVEN AGE METHODS Rotation- the time between harvests Rotation length is determined by: Tree species, site productivity, silvicultural practices applied, disease and insect concerns, landowner goals, economic returns (How much?, When?, Market changes), Ecological considerations , Social considerations. UN-EVEN AGED SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS These are used to manage stands with several age classes of trees that regenerate and grow in partial shade. They can also be used to generate multiple age classes in a stand that has been managed using an even age system. Un-even aged management mimics small disturbances that open up small gaps of less than 30% of the overstory. Harvest causes canopy openings to allow in full sun. Small openings and more favorable to shade tolerant species, larger openings favor mid-tolerant species. Harvest, regeneration, and thinning happen at the same time, although may vary across the site. UNEVEN AGE HARVEST METHODS SINGLE TREE- individuals of various sizes and ages are harvested periodically to provide space for regeneration and improve growth of other trees. Gaps of <0.1 A are created. Goal is to generate an optimal distribution of size and age classes. GROUP SELECTION small groups of trees of various sizes and ages are harvested periodically to provide space for regeneration of new age classes. Gaps of .1 or .5 A are created this is especiall useful for regenerating less shade tolerant and smaller species. PATCH SELECTION- Large groups of trees of various sizes and age. UN EVEN AGED HARVEST CONSIDERATIONS Harvests occur regularly, every 8-20 years. The interval is determined by species, site quality, growth rates, removal volumes, landowner goals and markets. For patch and group systems, even aged considerations apply to the many even aged patches or groups across the site. For single tree systems, harvest considerations iclude risk, tree release, vigor, quality, species, spacing and size. Maximum size classes are determined based upon growth rate and size of each species, site productivity, products desired, log grade, markets, and both