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Intro to Sociology: Final Exam Study
Guide QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
____refers to group of people who share physical characteristics that are passed on through reproduction. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔race A/n ___is a set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ethnic group A/n___is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔dominant group A/n___is a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural or other characteristics. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔minority ___refers to the process of a dominant group absorbing minority groups. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔assimilation ___is a positive or negative attitude toward people because of their group membership. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔prejudice
Racial hierarchies are supported and perpetuated through economic inequality. This statement represents the views of - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔conflict theorists ___contend that racial and ethnic women often experience a "double whammy" of inequality. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔feminist theorists ___are the fastest-growing minority group in United States. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔latinos Which of the following groups has the lowest median household income? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔black Most federal governments are - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bureaucracies ___is a political system in which the government controls every aspect of people's lives. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔totalitarianism This type of authority is based on exceptional individual abilities that inspire trust and obedience. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔charismatic Kings and queens are examples of people who have which type of authority? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔traditional
In a/n___ family system, the oldest females control the family's resources. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔matriarchal In___, a man or woman has two or more spouses. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔polygamy Helen and Eric are in an intimate sexual relationship. They are living together, but have no plans to marry. Helen and Eric are - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cohabiting Which one of the following is the most likely to value familism? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Latino families "Families are sources of social inequality." This statement represents which sociological theoretical perspective? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔conflict theory "Men benefit from women's unpaid labor in the home." This statement represents which sociological theoretical perspective? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔feminist theory ___ families are the most likely to welcome fictive kin. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔African American
Which of these countries has more cultural diversity among its population than any other country in the world? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The United States While involuntary segregation illegal, it is not uncommon to find racialized neighborhoods in many cities. These are most clearly an example of . - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔de facto segregation Researchers who sent matching fictitious resumes with white and African American names for job openings in Chicago and Boston found that - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the applicants with white-sounding names received 50 percent more call for interviews. What percentage of the current U.S. population is foreign-born? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔13 percent Social scientists consider race is a/n - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔social construct Sociologist use the term___to refer to the integration of physical characteristics and cultural heritage. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔racial- ethnic group Today the majority of immigrants come primarily from. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Asia and Latin America
___have the highest levels of education of any racial-ethnic group in the U.S. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Asian Americans accept inequality as an inevitable part of society that contributes to social stability in a number of ways. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Functionalists After Hurricane Katrina, the media portrayed African Americans as "looting" and whites as "foraging for survival." This illustrates the ___ perspective on race. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔symbolic interactionist A is a formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔government Which of the following types of authority is held by an individual with extraordinary personal characteristics? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔charismatic authority ___is the ability of a person or group to affect the behaviors of others despite resistance and opposition. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Power ___is the legitimate use of power. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Authority
Which social theorist described three ideal types of legitimate authority? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Max Weber This type of authority is based on customs that justify the position of the ruler. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔traditional This type of authority is based on the belief that appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔rational-legal Martin Luther King, Jr. and Adolf Hitler are examples of people who had which type of authority? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔charismatic ___, the opposite of democracy, is a political system where the government controls every aspect of people's lives. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Totalitarianism Totalitarianism has several distinctive characteristics. Which of the following is not one of these characteristics? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔government recognition of individual rights such as freedom of the press The ___ Party believes that the government should provide social programs; the ___ Party believes that the federal government should not be involved in social programs. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Democratic; Republican
Which of the following groups is most likely to vote in the United States? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Whites According to ___, people rule through pluralism. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔functionalist ___ coined the term "power elite" to refer to a pyramid of power that characterizes American democracy. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Charles Wright Mills In U.S. presidential elections, the most important factor in winning is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔money The textbook defines family as an "intimate group in which two or more people" do all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔have a legal relationship " Having children contributes to a country's population." This statement represents which function of the family? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔reproduction "Parents teach children the social and interpersonal skills that are necessary to be effective members in society." This statement represents which function of the family? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔socialization
" Families provide food and shelter and other material goods for it's members." This statement represents which function of the family? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔economic security Families love and care for its members." This statement represents which function of the family? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔emotional support " Children inherit their parents' social class." This statement represents which function of the family? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔social placement ___is a socially approved mating relationship. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Marriage Some societies require that individuals marry from within one's group. This is called - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔endogamy Some societies require individuals to marry from outside one's group. This is called - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔exogamy Western societies tend to have a/n ___ family structure. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nuclear
Sociologists describe the U.S. dating process as a/n - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔marriage market In ___, prospective spouses can compare the "value" of eligible partners before selecting a mate. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a marriage market In ___, one person is married exclusively to another person. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔monogamy When one person marries several people, one at a time, she/he is practicing - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔serial monogamy In ___, a woman has two or more spouses. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔polyandry In ___, a man has multiple spouses. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔polygyny The legal dissolution of a marriage is termed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔divorce Compared with divorce rates between 1980 and 2009, divorce rates today are - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lower
No-fault divorce is a/n ___ reason for some divorces - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔macro-level Nearly ___ of Americans who divorce remarry (half of them within four years) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔85 percent The average age at first marriage is ___ for men, and ___ for women. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔29; For sociologists, age is a/n - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔social construction The average length of time people of the same age will live termed - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔life expectancy The "oldest-old" are those aged - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔85 and older The life expectancy in the United States is ___ for men and ___ for women. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔75; 81 In the United States, one of the fastest- growing groups is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Asian Americans
Gatekeeping refers to controlling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔access to education ___ are children of alumni who have "reserved seats" at colleges and universities, regardless of their academic ability. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔legacies A ___ is a religious group that has broken off from an established religion to form its own - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sect A ___ is a large and established religious group that has strong ties to the larger society. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔church Which theoretical perspective asks, "How does gender inequality in education limit women's upward mobility?" - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔feminist theories The largest religious group worldwide is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔christians ___maintain that sexism and patriarchy plague modern religion. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔feminist theorists
A ___ is a formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ritual Which major theoretical perspective asks " How does religion contribute to social cohesion?" - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔functionalism Mental health and social well-being ___. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔change over time ____ I an alteration of the normal physical and/or mental structures of the mind. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔disease ___ is a physical or mental impairment that limits a person's ability to perform an important activity. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔disability ___ is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔health The study of the causes and distribution of disease within a population is called ___. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔epidemiology ___ have the lowest infant mortality rate in the United States. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Asian Americans
The majority of the population in the United States receives health care benefits from - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔private insurance ___ is a physical or mental impairment that limits a person's ability to perform an important activity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔disability The top three preventable health hazards, in order of priority, are: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔smoking, obesity, drug abuse ___ is a social institution that transmits culture to its members through formal and systematic training. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔education For Christians, the cross is a symbol that represents something - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sacred One of the best predictors of educational attainment is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔social class ___ capital refers to social assets, such as an elite education. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cultural ___ capital refers to social networks and social support. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔social
According to conflict theorists, schools have a ___ that transmits nonacademic knowledge, values and attitudes that legitimize economic inequality. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hidden curriculum An emphasis on certificates and degrees is called - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔credentialism According to symbolic interactionist, education is - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an active process ___ is the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, perceived ability, or previous performance. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Tracking Labeling is often based on tracking and can lead to - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a self-fulfilling prophecy Over the past several decades, U.S. high school dropout rates have - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔decreased for all racial groups ___ emphasize the benefits of education in their analyses. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔functionalists
