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Straighterline CHEM101 Final Exam
- reacting particles must collide
- collisions have proper orientation
- particles must have a strong enough energy to collide - ANSWER-Name three ways reactions occur? -1 - ANSWER-Fluorine oxidation # -1; other +# if combined with a higher element that necessitates it having a different ox.
- ANSWER-group 7A (other than fluorine) oxidation
-2 oxygen -1 group 17 +2 group 2A +1 group 1A -1 or +1 Hydrogen - ANSWER-oxidation states -2; other -# if combined with a higher element that necessitates it having a different ox.
- ANSWER-O oxidation
(actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100% - ANSWER-equation for percentage yield (q)p = ^U + P^V - ANSWER-heat released or absorbed at constant pressure (q)v = ^U - ANSWER-heat released or absorbed at constant volume formula (s) < (l) < (g) - ANSWER-Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values at different phases? [(n x atomic mass of element) / molecular or formulas mass of compound] x 100% - ANSWER-% by mass of an element ^H = ^U + P^V - ANSWER-change in enthalpy formula ^U = q - P^V - ANSWER-change in internal energy of a system ^U = q + w q=heat (+ endothermic, - exothermic) w=work (+ work done on system, - work done by system) - ANSWER-change in internal energy formula +1 - ANSWER-group 1A oxidation #
+1; -1 if combined with group 1A or 2A metals to form a metal hydride - ANSWER-H oxidation # +2 - ANSWER-group aA oxidation # = charge / charge or mass - ANSWER-mass of an electron 0 - ANSWER-The oxidation number of any element, in its elemental form, is... 12.01 amu - ANSWER-atomic mass of carbon 1s22s22p63s23p5, p-block, main group - ANSWER- 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1, s-block, main group - ANSWER- 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2, d-block, transition metal - ANSWER- 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 or 126 protons - ANSWER-What are the most stable isotopes? 2:1:1:2 - ANSWER-What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation? __NaOH + __H2SO4 --> __Na2SO4 + __H2O 6.022 x 10^23 particles - ANSWER-How many particles/atoms/molecules are in a mole? A = -logT = -logI/I0 - ANSWER-Absorbance (A) is equal to minus the log of transmittance. A = etc - ANSWER-The Beer-Lambert law is used to determine concentration from absorbance (A), molar absorptivity (e), and path length (b) through the sample. absolute zero - ANSWER-0 Kelvin accuracy - ANSWER-how close a measurement is to the true value acids - ANSWER-produces H+ ions when dissolved in water actual yield - ANSWER-amount of product actually recovered adhesion - ANSWER-attractive forces between molecules in a substance and their container aliphatic compounds - ANSWER-do not contain benzene rings alkali metals - ANSWER-Group 1A
atomic theory - ANSWER-formed by Dalton states that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms Avogadro's Law - ANSWER-volume increases with number increases v/n batteries - ANSWER-portable, self-contained sources of electric energy consisting of galvanic cells—or a series of galvanic cells Beer-Lambert law - ANSWER-relates the absorbance of a solution to its concentration and the path length through which the light passes beta rays - ANSWER-electrons deflected away from the NEGATIVELY charged plate binary compounds - ANSWER-compounds composed of two elements Boyle's Law - ANSWER-pressure increases, volume decreases pV = constant or p1V1 = p2V bronsted acids - ANSWER-donate protons (H+ ions) bronsted bases - ANSWER-accept protons C = (degrees F - 32) (5/9) - ANSWER-Fahrenheit to Celsius calcium - ANSWER-most abundant metal in human body calorimetry - ANSWER-the science of measuring temperature changes to determine heats associated with chemical reactions; may be carried out at constant pressure or volume Catalyst - ANSWER-additional reactant that increases the rate of a reaction with a lower activation energy cathode - ANSWER-The electrode at which reduction occurs Cation - ANSWER-positive ion, may have roman numeral central science - ANSWER-Chemistry is referred to ____ ____ because knowledge of the principles of chemistry facilitate understanding of other sciences chalcogens - ANSWER-Group 6A Charles' Law - ANSWER-Volume goes up, then temperature goes up, pressure remains the same
V/T = constant or V1/T1 = V2/T chemical change - ANSWER-substance is transformed into different substance(s) chemical energy - ANSWER-energy stored within the structural units (molecules or polyatomic ions) of chemical substances chemical formula - ANSWER-denotes the composition of the substance Chemical Property - ANSWER-Observed by performing a chemical change Chemistry - ANSWER-the study of matter and how it changes cohesion - ANSWER-attractive forces between molecules within a substance colloid - ANSWER-dispersion of particles of 1 substance in another substance combustion - ANSWER-____ of a hydrocarbon produces CO2 and H2O refers to chemical combination with O Compound - ANSWER-made from atoms of 2+ elements that are chemically bonded; cannot be separated into simpler substances by any physical process; can be separated by a chemical reaction Concentration - ANSWER-amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or solution Concentration impacts rate of reaction how? - ANSWER-increase the # of reactants in the container, more collisions occur w/enough energy & proper orientation. condensation - ANSWER-Gas to liquid condensed phases - ANSWER-solids and liquids conductor - ANSWER-electrons can be readily promoted to the conduction band, where they are free to move through the substance conjugate acid - ANSWER-When a Brønsted base accepts a proton, the resulting cation is a... conjugate base - ANSWER-When a Brønsted acid donates a proton, the anion that remains is a... covalent bonds - ANSWER-what bond is non-metal to non-metal, uses prefixes?
electrostatic energy - ANSWER-potential energy that results from the interaction of charged particles elemental N (N2) contains a triple bond and is very stable - ANSWER- empirical formula - ANSWER-a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms empirical fromula - ANSWER-indicate ratio of combination endothermic reaction - ANSWER-A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat endpoint - ANSWER-The point at which the indicator changes color Energy - ANSWER-the capacity to do work or transfer heat enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) - ANSWER-the difference between the enthalpies of the products and the enthalpies of the reactants ^H = H(products) - H(reactants) equilibrium - ANSWER-the condition where the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate and there is no net change in the reactant and product concentrations over time equivalence point - ANSWER-The point at which the reaction in the titration is complete exact numbers - ANSWER-numbers obtained by counting or are part of a definition excess reactant - ANSWER-present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reactant excited state - ANSWER-any energy level higher than the ground state exothermic reaction - ANSWER-A reaction that RELEASES energy in the form of heat extensive property - ANSWER-measured value depends on amount of matter; values of same extensive properties can be added Ex: mass, length F = (degrees C + 32) (9/5) - ANSWER-Celsius to Fahrenheit f- block elements - ANSWER-lanthanides and actinides; incompletely filled f subshells fluids - ANSWER-liquids and gases force - ANSWER-mass changing direction or speed
= mass x acceleration freezing - ANSWER-liquid to solid Frequency - ANSWER-The number of waves that pass a point per unit time fuel cells - ANSWER-not really batteries but also supply electric energy via a spontaneous redox reaction. Reactants must be supplied constantly for a fuel cell to operate functional group - ANSWER-group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of an organic compound gamma rays - ANSWER-high-energy, no charge, unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields Gas - ANSWER-No definite shape or volume Conforms to shape and volume of container Particles separated by distances very large compared to size of particles gravimetric analysis - ANSWER-an analytical technique based on the measurement of mass. ground state - ANSWER-the lowest possible energy state for an atom Group 1A characteristics - ANSWER-- low ionization energies
- easy to become M+ ions
- very reactive
- highly reactive with water, O, and acids to produce H gas and metal hydroxides
- ns Group 2A characteristics - ANSWER-- both 1st and 2nd ionization energies decrease
- metallic character increases
- tend to form M2+ ions
- ns group 3A characteristics - ANSWER-- Boron is metalloid, rest are metals
- B doesn't form binary compounds and is unreactive in O2 and H2O
- ns2, np group 4A characteristics - ANSWER-- don't react with water
- react with aqueous acid to produce H gas (H2)
- +2 (Pb) and +4 (C, Si) ox. states
- ns2, np group 5A characteristics - ANSWER-- ns2, np
Hess's Law - ANSWER-the change in enthalpy that occurs when reactants are converted to products in a reaction is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps Heterogenous Mixture - ANSWER-composition is NOT uniform throughout Ex: mix sand and iron fillings heteronuclear - ANSWER-diatomic molecule, 2 kinds of atoms Higher temperature....more motion....more forceful or higher energy collisions - ANSWER-Temperature impacts rate of reaction how? Homogenous Mixture - ANSWER-composition is uniform throughout; solution Ex: dissolve sugar in water homonuclear - ANSWER-diatomic molecule, just 1 kind of atom hydrates - ANSWER-ionic compounds that also contain water molecules Ex: BaCl2 x H2O (barium chloride dihydrate) LiCl x H2O (lithium chloride monohydrate) MgSO4 x 7H2O (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) Sr(NO3)2 x 4H2O (strontium nitrate tetrahydrate) Hydrocarbons - ANSWER-simplest organic compounds hydrophilic - ANSWER-water loving hydrophobic - ANSWER-Water fearing Ideal Gas Law - ANSWER-PV = nRT increase the # of reactants in the container, more collisions occur w/enough energy & proper orientation - ANSWER-Concentration impacts rate of reaction how? increases, decreases - ANSWER-increasing temp. ______ solubility of most solids in water and ______ solubility of most gases in water indicator - ANSWER-a substance that changes color at or near the equivalence point of a titration inexact numbers - ANSWER-meausured numbers inorganic compounds - ANSWER-do not contain carbon
insulator - ANSWER-the energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band is so large that electrons cannot be promoted into the conduction band intensive property - ANSWER-value does NOT depend on matter; cannot be added Ex: density, temperature ionic bonds - ANSWER-ions that make up an ionic compound are held together by strong electrostatic forces ionic bonds - ANSWER-What bond is metal & non-metal or metal & polyatomic ionic compound - ANSWER-consists of cations and anions in an electrically neutral combination ionizable hydrogen atom - ANSWER-can be removed in water to become a H+ ion ions - ANSWER-atoms with charge formed by loss or gain of an electron isotope - ANSWER-atom of an element that has a different mass because of a different number of neutrons, but same atomic number joule (J) - ANSWER-SI unit of energy K = degrees C + 273.15 - ANSWER-Celsius to Kelvin Kelvin - ANSWER-SI unit for temperature kilogram - ANSWER-SI unit for mass kinetic energy - ANSWER-energy of motion Ek = 1/2 mu^ m=mass u=velocity L to R = decreasing T to B = increasing - ANSWER-atomic radius trends lanthanide contraction - ANSWER-A reduction in atomic radii caused by the 4f electrons being close to the nucleus is called ______. lattice - ANSWER-vast, highly ordered, 3-D array of interspersed cations and anions Law of Conservation of Energy - ANSWER-When energy of one form disappears, the same amount of energy must appear in another form or forms law of conservation of mass - ANSWER-matter can be neither created nor destroyed
Form ionic compounds with chlorine (metal chlorides) Form basic, ionic compounds with oxygen (metal oxides) Mg - ANSWER-What is the reducing agent in the following equation? Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Mg+ and Ca+ - ANSWER-Two dissolved ions in hard water miscible - ANSWER-2 liquids soluble in each other Mixture - ANSWER-Combination of 2+ elements, each retains its identity and properties Can be separated by physical means into pure components without changing identity of compounds molality - ANSWER-moles of solute/kg of solvent molarity (molar concentration) - ANSWER-the number of moles of solute per liter of solution molarity (M) = mol solute (m)/ liters solute (L) L = mol /M mol = M x L molecular formula - ANSWER-specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule Molecule - ANSWER-electrically neutral group of 2+ atoms moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution - ANSWER- monatomic gases - ANSWER-noble gases, single atom, exist in form of isolated atoms under ordinary conditions monatomic/atomic ion - ANSWER-consists of just 1 atom multiple bonds - ANSWER-share more than 1 pair (double bond, triple bond) multiply the atomic mass (grams) by the number of moles - ANSWER-How do you convert from moles to grams? Name the four colligative properties - ANSWER-1. Vapor-pressure lowering
- Boiling-point elevation
- Freezing-point depression
- Osmotic pressure neutralization reaction - ANSWER-reaction of an acid and base
products are water and a salt noble gases - ANSWER-Group 8A node - ANSWER-a point at which a standing wave has zero amplitude non bonded, metallic, network covalent - ANSWER-Three types of atomic solids nonelectrolyte - ANSWER-a substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that does not conduct electricity Nonmetal - ANSWER-poor conductor of heat and electricity Nonmetals - ANSWER-Vary in color and lack the shiny appearance associated with metals Be brittle, rather than malleable Be poor conductors of both heat and electricity Form acidic, molecular compounds with oxygen Have high electron affinities (so they commonly form anions) nuclear fission - ANSWER-splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei and one or more neutrons ores - ANSWER-minerals with high metal content organic chemistry - ANSWER-study of carbon-based substances organic compounds - ANSWER-contain carbon and hydrogen oxidized - ANSWER-loses electrons oxidizing agent - ANSWER-gets reduced oxoacids - ANSWER-ionize to produce hydrogen ions and the corresponding oxoanions oxoanions - ANSWER-polyatomic anions that contain 1+ oxygen atoms Ex: chlorate (CIO3-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO4 2-) oxygen - ANSWER-most naturally abundant element p - ANSWER-Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table? Pauli exclusion principle - ANSWER-The fact that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins is called the percent by mass - ANSWER-mass of solute/mass of solution x 100
pressure - ANSWER-gases exert... Pure Substance - ANSWER-fixed composition and differs from a mixture (every sample has same properties and composition) Qualitative Property - ANSWER-doesn't require explicit measurement quanta - ANSWER-Max Planck said energy is composed of this particle Quantative Properties - ANSWER-measured, expressed using numbers and units quantitative analysis - ANSWER-Experiments that measure the amount of a substance present Radiation - ANSWER-emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of waves Raoult's Law - ANSWER-applies to a solution comprised of a non-volatile solute and is the relationship between the vapor pressure of the solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent redox/reduction reaction - ANSWER-chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another reduced - ANSWER-gains electrons reducing agent - ANSWER-gets oxidized relationship between color, wavelength, frequency and energy across the electromagnetic spectrum - ANSWER-- red light has longer wavelength than blue light
- shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies shorter wavelengths have increased energy S = oxidized N = reduced - ANSWER-What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced? 3CuS + 8HNO3 --> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H2O s- and p- block elements - ANSWER-groups 1A-8A saturated solution - ANSWER-a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute Scientific Method - ANSWER-Observation > Hypothesis > Experiment > Model/Theory
Further Experiment
observations > laws data > hypotheses successful hypotheses > theories semiconductor - ANSWER-substances that normally are not conductors but will conduct electricity at elevated temperatures or when combined with a small amount of certain other elements single bond - ANSWER-one pair of shared electrons Solid - ANSWER-Definite shape and volume Doesn't conform to shape of container Particles are very close together in orderly fashion with little freedom of motion Solubility - ANSWER-maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature solute - ANSWER-any substance present in a smaller amount solution - ANSWER-A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent - ANSWER-the substance present in the largest amount specific heat - ANSWER-the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1°C q = sm^T strong acids - ANSWER-HCl HBr HI HNO HClO HClO H2SO strong bases - ANSWER-LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ca(OH) Sr(OH) Ba(OH) strong electrolyte - ANSWER-An electrolyte that dissociates completely
thermochemical equation - ANSWER-chemical equations that show the enthalpy changes as well as the mass relationships Thermochemistry - ANSWER-the study of heat changes in chemical reactions thermodynamics - ANSWER-the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy Thomson's Plum Pudding Model - ANSWER-Electrons are spread throughout the atom, like blueberries in a muffin titration - ANSWER-involves an acid-base reaction Typically, a solution of known concentration (a standard solution) is added gradually to a solution of unknown concentration with the goal of determining the unknown concentration. transition metals - ANSWER-groups 1B and 3b-8b transition metals - ANSWER-have incompletely filled d subshells or readily give rise to cations that have incompletely filled d subshells unidentate - ANSWER-A ligand that forms one bond to the metal is called a(n)
unsaturated solution - ANSWER-A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute v = m/d - ANSWER-find volume Vaporization - ANSWER-Liquid to gas viscosity - ANSWER-The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by _________ forces. w = -P^V P=external pressure ^V=change in volume - ANSWER-pressure-volume work formula Wavelength - ANSWER-The distance between 2 crests of a wave weak electrolyte - ANSWER-a compound that produces ions upon dissolving but exists in solution predominantly as molecules that are not ionized weak/strong acid/base has a conjugate of the opposite strength and acid/base - ANSWER-
What is ideal gas behaviour? - ANSWER-All gases behave the same way physically, especially at high or low temperatures What is mass spectrometry used for? - ANSWER-used to determine the relative mass of an element from its isotopic composition when 3 variables are given in an question - ANSWER-When do you use the Ideal gas law? Where is an electron found? - ANSWER-Electrons occupy the space outside of the nucleus yes - ANSWER-Are acids and bases electrolytes?
