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SECTION 1.1 CHEMISTRY (pages 3–6)
This section defines chemistry and differentiates among its traditional divisions. It also provides several reasons to study chemistry.
What Is Chemistry? (pages 3–4)
- What is chemistry?
- What are some applications of chemistry that affect your everyday life?
- What are the five major subdivisions of chemistry? a. ________________________________ b. ________________________________ c. ________________________________ d. ________________________________ e. ________________________________
- Is the following sentence true or false? The subdivisions of chemistry often overlap. ______________________
- Complete the table by filling in the appropriate subdivision of chemistry.
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
Standard CurriculumCore content Extension topics
Honors CurriculumCore honors content Options to accelerate
Conceptual CurriculumConcrete concepts More abstract concepts ormath/problem-solving
Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes.
Students’ answers will vary but should include some practical aspect of applied chemistry.
organic chemistry inorganic chemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry biochemistry
true
Investigating a way to make stronger plastic grocery bags
Developing a better insulin-delivery system for diabetics
Determining the minerals present in a soil sample
Using an acid to etch metal
Creating a cleaner burning heating fuel
physical chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry inorganic chemistry organic chemistry
CHAPTER 1 , Introduction to Chemistry (continued)
Why Study Chemistry? (pages 5–6)
- Why is the study of chemistry important?
- Circle the letter of each sentence that describes a job that a professional chemist can perform. a. A professional chemist can develop new products such as cosmetics. b. A professional chemist can help to protect the environment by reducing pollution. c. A professional chemist can perform life-saving medical procedures. d. A professional chemist can perform quality control in manufacturing.
- ______________________ chemistry has specific goals for using scientific knowledge; ______________________ chemistry seeks knowledge for its own sake.
SECTION 1.2 CHEMISTRY FAR AND WIDE (pages 7–14) This section summarizes ways in which chemistry affects your daily life. It also describes the impact of chemistry on various fields.
Materials (pages 7–8)
- One of the most important types of materials in use today is ______________________ , which are also called polymers.
- One of the most important properties of these polymers is their high ________________________________________________ ratio.
The study of chemistry is important because all people and objects are made up of chemicals.
Applied pure
Outlining can help you understand and remember what you have read. Write an outline for Section 1.1,
Chemistry. Begin your outline by copying the headings in the textbook. Under each heading, write the
main idea. Then list the details that support the main idea. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.
Reading Skill Practice
Students’ outlines should have two major topics, matching the two headings of the section. Details should include all the highlighted key terms, as well as the important concepts discussed under each heading.
plastics
strength-to-weight
- Complete the concept map about genes.
Agriculture (pages 11–12)
- Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the role of chemistry in agriculture. a. Chemists have helped to increase the world’s food supply by developing hardier and more productive plants. b. Chemists do not study photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation. c. Chemists study plant hormones so they can develop better pesticides.
- How has the discovery of chemicals called pheromones helped to protect plants from insects?
- Is the following sentence true or false? Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides used on plants are less specific for the condition they are designed to treat than those developed in the past. ______________________
The Environment (pages 12–13)
- What are three ways that chemists work to protect the environment? a. __________________________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________________________ c. __________________________________________________________________________
Genes
are composed of
mapped by used to treat used to create
CHAPTER 1 , Introduction to Chemistry (continued)
Human Genome Project genetic disease^ clones
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Pheromones are used to attract and trap specific plant pests such as gypsy moths and boll weevils.
false
identify pollutants prevent or minimize environmental pollution clean up toxic waste
Match the pollutant with the environmental hazard it creates. Pollutant Environmental Hazard _______ 16. nitrogen oxides a. acid rain _______ 17. sulfur compounds b. ozone depletion _______ 18. carbon dioxide c. smog _______ 19. chlorofluorocarbons d. global warming
Astronomy and Space Exploration (page 14)
- Scientists can learn about the chemical composition of stars by analyzing their ______________________.
- Why has it been more difficult to discover the chemical composition of the moon and planets?
- What can scientists learn from analyzing the chemical composition of the rocks from other planets?
- Look at Figures 1.16 and 1.17 on page 14. What was the key difference in the methods scientists used to analyze rocks from Mars and Earth’s moon?
SECTION 1.3 THINKING LIKE A SCIENTIST (pages 15–17) This section describes the steps involved in the scientific method. It also distinguishes between theories and scientific laws.
The Scientific Method (pages 15–16)
- What is the scientific method?
light
Because the moon and planets do not generate their own light, samples must be collected for analysis.
They can learn more about how Earth and the other planets formed and whether life could exist elsewhere in the solar system.
It is a logical approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
c a d b
Astronauts collected rock samples from Earth’s moon. Rocks on Mars were analyzed by remote control.
- Is the following sentence true or false? Once a theory has been proven, no experiment will ever disprove it. ______________________
Scientific Laws (page 17)
- What is a scientific law?
- Scientific laws can often be expressed by _______________________________________.
- Circle the letter of each statement that expresses a scientific law. a. As the temperature in a cold automobile tire increases, the tire pressure increases. b. Increased gas pressure in a sealed container might cause an explosion. c. At constant volume, gas pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. d. The pressure increases when a sealed gas is heated because the energy of the gas particles increases.
SECTION 1.4 HOW TO STUDY CHEMISTRY (pages 20–22) This section explains why learning chemistry requires daily effort. It also describes the importance of writing in the study of chemistry.
Understanding and Applying Concepts (page 20)
- What are some skills necessary for learning?
- Why is it important to learn information that others have discovered?
- Is the following sentence true or false? An important part of learning is connecting what is learned in the classroom with what happens in the world outside the classroom. ______________________
Using Your Textbook (page 21)
- Reading your textbook once helps you get an idea of the overall ______________________ , but a second, detailed reading, combined with note-taking, is essential for _____________________________.
A scientific law is a statement that summarizes the results of many experiments. It describes a natural phenomenon without attempting to explain it. mathematical relationships
Learning requires effort such as reading carefully, taking notes, and studying often.
Discovering information takes a great deal of time and effort. Scientists and students must rely on information that others have discovered.
true
content information retention
false
- List three ways you can test your knowledge using your textbook. a. __________________________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________________________ c. __________________________________________________________________________
On Your Own (page 22)
- What are two strategies you can adopt to enhance your study of chemistry? a. _____________________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________________
Tests and Quizzes (page 22)
- Is the following sentence true or false? The best way to study for a test is to cram at the last minute. ______________________
- Complete the flowchart on test-taking skills.
Show ______________________ when solving numerical problems and ______________________ your answers to be certain they make sense.
______________________ problems that are difficult until the end.
Complete the parts of the test that you can answer ________________________________________.
Read the test over ______________________ when you first get it.
Get enough ______________________ the night before.
CHAPTER 1 , Introduction to Chemistry (continued)
You can draw your own diagrams, make flashcards, or quiz yourself. You can form a study group to discuss complex concepts and problems.
false
sleep
quickly
immediately or work out rapidly
Skip/Leave
all of your work evaluate
solve practice problems as they appear write definitions for key terms answer chapter review problems
