ENVIRONMENT
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Introduction to Environment and Ecology: A Basic Overview, Lecture notes of Environmental Science
A fundamental introduction to the concepts of environment and ecology. It defines key terms such as ecosystem, biome, and biosphere, and explains the hierarchical organization of life from atoms to the biosphere. The document also introduces the concepts of autecology and synecology, which are different approaches to studying the relationship between organisms and their environment. While basic, this document serves as a good starting point for understanding the fundamental principles of ecology.
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2024/2025
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ENVIRONMENT
Introduction to Environment and Ecology :
Ecology :
The term Ecology was first used in 1869 by Ernst Haeckel, and it has been derived from “Oikas” meaning ‘Home’ and “Logos” meaning ‘Study’. Ecology is the study of the relationship of living organisms with each other and the environment. It can be classified into two parts : Autecology and Synecology
Cells to Tissues to Organs : Different types of cells combine to form tissues which combine to form organs. Many organs are put together to form an organ system. Organs to Organ System : An organ system forms an organism, and many organisms are put together to form a population. Organ System to Organisms to Population :
Ecosystem to Biomes to Biosphere : Community to Ecosystem : Population to Community : Many ecosystems form a Biome, and many biomes form a Biosphere which is the Earth. Community is a biotic factor. If we add abiotic factors or a non-living environment to a community, an ecosystem is formed. Many populations are put together to fprm a community. Atoms to Molecules is a Chemical Organization. Cell to Organism is a Biological Organization. Organism to Biosphere is Ecological Organization or Ecological Hierarchy.
Ecosystem : An ecosystem is a community of living organisms associated with non-living components of their environment. It is the biological community in combination with the physical environment. It is structural and functional unit of the Biosphere (Earth). It is a region or an area or the landscape of the Biosphere, divided on the basis of Climatic conditions and Vegetation. Biome : Biosphere : It is the part of the Earth where life can exist. The range of the Biosphere is Sea surface to 8Km in the atmosphere. It is a highly integrated zone where the atmosphere (Air), hydrosphere (Water), and lithosphere (Land) exist.
Environment : Habitat : Niche :
It is the surroundings area
around a species.
It is the physical place where a species lives. It is the functional role played by a species in the ecosystem.