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Describes the emergence and explantions of the leading philosophical systems
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Answer: Introduction to Philosophy Nature of Philosophy
Epistemology - Enquires into the nature, origin, validity and extent of knowledge.
Ethics is the science of what man ought to do in order to live as he should, in order to be what he ought to be, in order to attain his supreme value, in order to realize in his nature what presents itself as the justification of his existence, that towards which and for which he exists. In short, ethics is a categorically normative, practical science. Ethics is a science. It is a science in as much as it is a set or body of reasonable truths organized in a systematic way and having its specific material and formal objects. The material object of ethics is the conduct of man – the acts controlled by his will. The formal object of ethics is the rightness or wrongness, the goodness or badness of human conduct. Ethics therefore is a science in its own right, distinct from all others. Ethics is a categorically normative science because its directives are unconditional, absolute and obligatory. Ethics commands that all men, at all times, under all conditions ought to act as men that are faithful to and in conformity with their rational nature. Ethics is a practical science since it studies how human acts are directed towards man’s ultimate purpose or end. It not only treats of human activity but it aims at directing it. It does not stop at the contemplation of truth, but applies that learning to human acts, providing the necessary knowledge so that man may act in a morally upright way. Ethics is a practical science, i.e. it directs man’s life of action. It is the most important practical science, since it studies the ultimate end of man, which ensures his happiness as well as the means to attain it. Logic - By definition, ‘logic’ is a method of reasoning that involves series of statements, each of which must be true if the statement before it is true. Logic is the branch of philosophy that deals with correct and logical thinking. It is concerned with how one organizes and sequences one’s thinking and form arguments according to a coherent pattern and that one organizes his/her supporting evidences to make a case for or to explain something. The two major patterns of logic are deduction and induction. In deduction, one moves from general statement or principle to specific cases or examples, whereas in induction, one moves from particular examples to generalization i.e. to establishing theory or principle. Logic is best defined as the science of reasoning. Reasoning is a special kind of thinking in which problems are solved, in which inference takes place, that is, in which conclusions are drawn from premises. Logic examines how the mind functions in reaching valid arguments and what are the criteria for validity of these arguments. The logician is concerned with the correctness of the completed process of reasoning. The logician asks: do the conclusions reached from the premise used or assumed? Do the premises provide good reasons for accepting the conclusion? If the premises do provide adequate grounds for affirming the conclusion, then the reasoning is correct, otherwise it is incorrect Social and Political Philosophy- a field of study that explores the relationship between governments and societies. It also considers how to organize institutions that govern society. Read from Philosophy and common sense pdf Intro to Philosophy pdf