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A marriage in which the bride and groom are chosen for each other by their families. Beanpole family. A type of vertically extended family with up to four.
Typology: Lecture notes
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Agencies of social control
Agents of socialisation
Conformity Culture
Ethnic minority Ethnicity Feral child Gender
Identity Manipulation Media Norms
Nurture Peer group Primary socialisation Role
Agencies of social control Institutions that help to keep individuals in order, e.g. family and police.
Agents of socialisation Institutions that pass on culture such family and the education system.
Conformity When people behave as they are expected to by social norms.
Culture A shared and learned way of life of a group of people that includes language and customs.
Ethnic minority Groups within society who have different cultural traditions from the main population, e.g. Asian.
Ethnicity The cultural group a person belongs to.
Feral child A human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age or has been raised by animals.
Gender A role with norms of how to act linked to whether you are male or female – masculinity and femininity. Its not the same as sex.
Identity The sense of who you are in relation to others. Class, Age, Gender, Ethnicity and sexuality may be important parts of a person’s identity.
Manipulation The encouragement of behaviours seen as appropriate for a child of one sex and discouragement of behaviours seen as abnormal for that sex.
Media An agent of secondary socialisation, e.g. TV and magazines that sends messages to a mass audience.
Norms The expectations surrounding how someone should behave in particular situations.
Nurture Providing emotional support and encouraging their development.
Peer group A group of people who are of similar age and status.
Primary socialisation The first stage of leaning that takes place in infancy. The family are the primary agents.
Role The part played by someone in a particular situation.
Arranged marriage Beanpole family Reconstituted family Breadwinner
Civil partnership Cohabitation Conjugal roles Crisis of masculinity
Divorce rate Domestic abuse Double burden Triple shift
Extended family Gender roles Household Life expectancy
Arranged marriage A marriage in which the bride and groom are chosen for each other by their families.
Beanpole family A type of vertically extended family with up to four generations living together or nearby.
Reconstituted family A family made up of one or both partners with children from a previous relationship living with them.
Breadwinner The person who earns money to support the family.
Civil partnership A legal relationship for same-sex couples.
Cohabitation A domestic arrangement in which a couple are living together in a relationship but are unmarried.
Conjugal roles The roles of men and women in a marriage or other partnership.
Crisis of masculinity Male insecurity regarding their identity believed to be caused by the dwindling of traditional male jobs. Divorce rate The number of divorces per 1, marriages.
Domestic abuse Controlling or threatening behaviour between family members.
Double burden Women go out to work and still take on the main responsibility for the housekeeping.
Triple shift Women go out to work, do most of the housework and provide emotion work. Extended family A family that consists of relatives beyond the nuclear family.
Gender roles The expected ways of behaving based on whether someone is male or female.
Household The house and its occupants.
Life expectancy The average amount of time an individual is expected to live.
Academy Agency of social control Comprehensive system Cultural deprivation
Hidden curriculum Home education Independent sector Labelling
Marketisation Material deprivation Meritocracy Self-fulfilling prophecy
Specialist schools Streaming Tri-partite system Vocational education
11+ exam Counter-school subculture
Nature Nurture
Anti-social behaviour Correspondence theory
Cultural capital Crisis in masculinity
Formal curriculum Free schools Gendering of subjects Independent schools
Private school Selection by mortgage
Social capital Status frustration
Glass ceiling Globalisation Income Inequality
Institutional racism LGBT Life-chances Meritocracy
Power Prejudice Privilege Proletariat
Racism Rational-legal authority
Relative poverty Social class
Social class Sexism Scapegoat Social exclusion
Social inclusion Social mobility Status Strain theory
Stratification Traditional authority Underclass Wealth
Welfare state
Moral panic Recorded crime Reported crime Self-report study
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Selective law enforcement
Status frustration Stereotype
Street crime Typical offender Unreported crime Victim surveys
White-collar crime
Closed questions Opportunity sample Involving anyone who is available and willing to take part.
Covert observation Ethics
Gatekeeper Hypothesis Open questions Overt observation
Participant observation
Pilot study Primary data Qualitative data
Quantitative data Reliable data Representative sample
Respondent
Ann Oakley Karl Marx Charles Murray Murdock
Parsons Young & Willmott Walby Sharpe
Duncombe and Marsden Stephen Ball (^) Becker Bourdieu
Ann Oakley She is critical of Y&W saying they exaggerated the extent of men’s involvement in the home. Instead women face a double burden. She says unstructured interviews are the best way to collect data.
Karl Marx Britain & USA are examples where inequality is present. The hierarchal layering of a society into distinct groups with different levels of wealth, status & power. One day the working class will realise their exploitation.
Charles Murray New right thinker who is critical of lone-parent families because boys are brought up without a male role model. They are more likely to turn to crime. He is critical of divorce because it threatens the nuclear family. He came up with the concept of the underclass.
Murdock The nuclear family is vital because it provides 4 essential functions (PEER).
Parsons Children should be brought up in a nuclear family. Schools take over the process of socialisation from the family. Schools are meritocratic.
Young & Willmott Claim conjugal roles have become symmetrical. So women and men share the responsibilities of domestic work and childcare. Families maintain strong ties with their extended family. The increase in telephone and car ownership now helps people keep in touch with their relatives even if they live some distance away.
Walby Domestic violence is rooted in a culture where women are regarded as inferior.
Sharpe Priorities of working class girls have changed since the 1970s from ‘love, marriage, family, career’ to ‘a job and career’.
Duncombe and Marsden They extend the double burden and added emotion work. This means the management of feelings. They found this is overwhelmingly done by women.
Stephen Ball Conducted a study of Beachside Comprehensive where students were placed in different sets. He said top band students were well behaved while students in the lower bands were poorly behaved. This is a direct consequence of labelling. He also argues that ‘choice 'via marketisation only gives well-off parents the chance to gain social advantages for their children.
Becker Becker developed the idea of a deviant career. For example, a person caught stealing could be labelled by others, they could lose their job and are rejected. Time in prison could lead to them meeting other criminals and being influenced by them into committing more crime.
Bourdieu Marxist sociologists who argues that cultural capital is needed for children to succeed at school and that working-class cultural capital is not valued in the education system. Cultural capital = knowledge of art/ literature, and language skills.
Hargreaves Teachers make quick judgements of their pupils and their abilities. He noticed after a while, the judgements became a reality because often working class pupils (boys) reject the goals of the school and form anti-school subcultures. Teachers are more likely to label middle class pupils as clever and working-class as less able.
Reay Argues that much of the curriculum is not relevant to lower-class children and consequently they disengage from school.
Sewell Found argues that peer group pressure is very influential among dissatisfied African-Caribbean boys. He found that those who are brought up in lone-parent families lack a positive male role model and are more likely to reject people from authority such as teachers. This could explain their poor attainment.
Cohen Sees crime and delinquency as a group activity. The media sensationalise and exaggerate deviant behaviour, e.g. mods and rockers, 1964. they became known as folk devils and were blamed for society's problems.
Carlen Linked increasing female crime to poverty. She triangulated and used observation and unstructured interviews of 39 women. If women fit in with traditional stereotypes of being good housewives they're likely to be treated more leniently by the law.
Patrick James Patrick – was a teacher in Scotland in the 1960s. Patrick posed as a friend of Tim, a gang leader. Tim acted as a gatekeeper for Patrick and allowed him to spend time with the gang. He was coached on how to dress/ talk appropriately. Patrick had an honest and sometimes frightening experience. This is because he discovered their attitudes towards weapons, violence and drugs. He discovered the answers to questions he would never have been able to in a questionnaire but his study raises many ethical issues about research.
Becky Francis Argued that many working-class parents do have high aspirations for their children, but do not understand the ‘rules of the game’, that is they do not have the insider knowledge to enable them to make sense of the school system. She also argues that boys dominate the classroom and attract more attention e.g. they tend to be noisier. They dominate the playing areas, occupying most of the space with football. Therefore, argues schools are still patriarchal.
Durkheim Education benefits society because it makes children into good members of society by passing on the appropriate norms and values. Some crime and deviance will always happen and is needed for a healthy society as it strengthens society's values and reminds us of right and wrong and can help society to change. He came up with the concept of anomie – when norms no longer guide behaviour, e.g. London riots,
Davis and Moore Stratification does an important job for society in matching the right people to the right jobs. (Functionalists)
Bowles and Gintis There is a close parallel between school and work. E.g. both have hierarchies with head teachers & bosses at the and workers & students at the bottom obeying the orders. (Marxists)
