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cases/units |- |correct |answer |✔subjects |or |objects |we |obtain |information |about variable |- |correct |answer |✔any |characteristic |recorded |for |each |case categorical |variable |- |correct |answer |✔divides |cases |into |groups quantitative |variable |- |correct |answer |✔measures |or |records |a |numerical |quantity |for |each |case explanatory |variable |- |correct |answer |✔helps |explain |the |response |variable response |variable |- |correct |answer |✔responds |to |the |explanatory |variable population |- |correct |answer |✔all |individuals |or |objects |of |interest sample |- |correct |answer |✔subset |of |the |population sampling |bias |- |correct |answer |✔method |of |selecting |causes |the |sample |to |differ |from |the |population |in |some |relevant |way; |cannot |trust |generalizations |because |of |this
statistical |inference |- |correct |answer |✔how |to |use |the |information |in |a |sample |to |make |reliable |statements/gain |information |about |the |population representative |sample |- |correct |answer |✔resembles |the |population, |only |in |smaller |numbers simple |random |sample |- |correct |answer |✔all |groups |have |the |same |chance |of |becoming |the |sample; |each |unit |of |the |population |has |an |equal |chance |of |being |selected, |regardless |of |the |other |units |chosen |for |the |sample |-- |avoids |bias how |to |select |a |random |sample |- |correct |answer |✔not |haphazardly |(picking |on |our |own) |- |use |a |formal |method bias |- |correct |answer |✔exists |when |the |method |of |collecting |data |causes |the |sample |data |to |inaccurately |reflect |the |population how |bias |can |happen |- |correct |answer |✔1. |wording |of |questions
- |when |we |select |who |to |be |in |sample use |common |sense |to |identify |bias association |- |correct |answer |✔values |of |one |variable |tend |to |be |related |to |the |values |of |the |other |variable
proportion/relative |frequencies |- |correct |answer |✔number |in |that |category |divided |by |total |number proportion |for |a |sample |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔p-hat proportion |for |a |population |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔p two-way |table |- |correct |answer |✔used |to |show |the |relationship |between |two |categorical |variables outlier |- |correct |answer |✔observed |value |that |is |notably |distinct |from |the |other |values |in |a |dataset; |usually |much |larger |or |smaller |than |the |rest |of |the |data
|Q1 |- |1.5IQR < |Q3 |+ |1.5IQR symmetric |- |correct |answer |✔two |sides |approximately |match |when |folded |on |a |vertical |center |line skewed |to |the |right |- |correct |answer |✔if |the |data |are |piled |up |on |the |left |and |the |tail |extends |to |the |right median |< |mean skewed |to |the |left |- |correct |answer |✔if |the |data |are |piled |up |on |the |right |and |the |tail |extends |to |the |left
median |> |mean bell-shaped |- |correct |answer |✔if |the |data |are |symmetric |and |have |this |shape mean |- |correct |answer |✔numerical |average |of |the |data |values mean |of |a |sample |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔x-bar mean |of |a |population |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔ μ median |- |correct |answer |✔center |of |a |set |of |numbers; |splits |data |in |half resistant |- |correct |answer |✔statistic |is |relatively |unaffected |by |extreme |values; |median |is |this |but |mean |is |not variability |(spread) |- |correct |answer |✔data |is |generally |spread |out standard |deviation |- |correct |answer |✔statistic |that |measures |how |much |variability |there |is |in |data standard |deviation |of |a |sample |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔s measures |how |spread |out |the |data |in |x-bar |is
scatterplot |- |correct |answer |✔graph |of |the |relationship |between |two |quantitative |variables correlation |- |correct |answer |✔measure |of |the |strength |and |direction |of |linear |association |between |two |quantitative |variables always |between |-1 |<= |r |<= | 1 correlation |of |a |sample |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔r correlation |of |a |population |(symbol) |- |correct |answer |✔ ρ equation |of |a |regression |line |- |correct |answer |✔response |(hat) |= |a |+ |b |* |explanatory residual |- |correct |answer |✔difference |between |the |observed |and |predicted |values |of |the |response |variable observed |- |predicted |= |y |- |yhat least |squares |line |- |correct |answer |✔line |that |minimizes |the |sum |of |the |squared |residuals parameter |- |correct |answer |✔number |that |describes |some |aspect |of |a |population
statistic |- |correct |answer |✔number |that |is |computed |from |the |data |in |a |sample point |estimate |- |correct |answer |✔value |for |a |particular |sample |gives |this |of |the |population |parameter sampling |distribution |- |correct |answer |✔distribution |of |sample |statistics |computed |for |different |samples |of |the |same |size |from |the |same |population; |shows |us |how |sample |statistic |varies |from |sample |to |sample standard |error |- |correct |answer |✔SE; |standard |deviation |of |the |sample |statistic interval |estimate |- |correct |answer |✔range |of |plausible |values |for |a |population |parameter point |estimate |+/- |margin |of |error margin |of |error |- |correct |answer |✔number |that |reflects |the |precision |of |the |sample |statistic |as |a |point |estimate |for |this |parameter confidence |interval |- |correct |answer |✔interval |computed |from |sample |data |by |a |method |that |will |capture |the |parameter |for |a |specified |proportion |of |all |samples confidence |level |- |correct |answer |✔success |rate; |indicated |how |sure |we |are |that |our |interval |contains |the |population |parameter
summary |statistics |of |categorical |variables |- |correct |answer |✔frequency, |relative |frequency, |proportion correlation, |regression |line categorical |v |quantitative |(display |and |statistics) |- |correct |answer |✔side-by-side |boxplots statistics |for |the |quantitative |variable |within |each |category
