Invention of the centuries, Cheat Sheet of Mechanics

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CHAPTER XI:

SAMUEL F.B. MORSE AND THE INVENTION OF THE

TELEGRAPH

THE SIGNAL TELEGRAPH The first Telegraph was invented in 1794 by the three Chappe Brothers. Everything started because those 3 boys were forbidden to see each other. Then,in order to communicate, they created a type of communication made with beam and crossbeam at each end was hung on a pivot. Each position of them, beam and crossbeam stood for a letter. Then, It was easy for them like that to communicate. After that, the french government bought them device in order to build anothers along the coast. That device was introduced into Russia and England also. In 1840, There were already 1400 miles of signal Telegraph. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

STEINHEIL’S ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted's revelation that an electric current could influence a compass needle's orientation initiated a transformative journey in the realm of communication. This fundamental discovery inspired a French scientist to contemplate its telegraphic potential shortly thereafter. Fast forward to 1833, when German scientists Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber introduced their electric-needle telegraph system, defining distinct patterns of magnet movements to represent letters in a telegraphic alphabet. This innovation was the cornerstone of their telegraphy, making it possible to transmit messages by manipulating the magnet's direction. Their code provided an ingenious means of communication that, with time, was passed to Steinheil. In 1837, Steinheil's Registering Electro-Magnetic Telegraph refined this system further, using magnets to record dot signals on paper, significantly increasing message transmission efficiency. Steinheil's telegraph was adopted by the Bavarian government, underscoring the pivotal role of these early pioneers in shaping the future of long-distance communication.

WHEASTONE AND COOK’S ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH In 1837, Charles Wheatstone, hailing from London, and his business partner patented an electric-needle telegraph system. This unique system featured five needles arranged at the center of a diamond-shaped dial, with the alphabet and numerals printed on it. To transmit a letter, one needle was turned to the right, and another to the left, and the designated letter was the one at the point where lines from the needle's tips intersected. For numbers, only one needle was adjusted. In 1838, a line spanning twenty miles was constructed along the Great Western Railway. However, this system was relatively expensive, requiring six wires: one for each of the five needles and one to complete the electric circuit. In response to cost concerns, Wheatstone later devised a more economical two-needle system, followed by a single-needle system. From 1838 onward, Wheatstone's electric-needle telegraph came into frequent use and remained the favored telegraphy system in England for several years.

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