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Invertebrate physiology, Lecture notes of Oceanography

- Hexactinellida - Glass sponges - Siliceous spicules with 6 rays intersecting at right angles - Cannot contract - Can rapidly conduct electrical impulses - Demospongiae - Most diverse sponge group - Composed of spongin fibers/siliceous spicules - Calcarea - Only sponge group with CaC03 spicules - Near shore or shallow areas - Pores instead of mouth, water and nutrients are transferred by its flagella - Carnivorous sponges :O (harp sponge

What you will learn

  • What are the key features of Annelida (segmented worms) and their various classes?
  • What are the main characteristics of Porifera (sponges) and their different classes?
  • How do Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals) differ from one another?

Typology: Lecture notes

2018/2019

Uploaded on 12/20/2022

peanut789
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Started 10/6/17!
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/invert_starfishurchin.html
https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/invertebrates
https://oceana.org/marine-life/corals-and-other-invertebrates
Good overall knowledge links ^^^
Made by sunu!!!!
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Download Invertebrate physiology and more Lecture notes Oceanography in PDF only on Docsity!

Started 10/6/17! http://www.biology4kids.com/files/invert_starfishurchin.html https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/invertebrates https://oceana.org/marine-life/corals-and-other-invertebrates Good overall knowledge links ^^^ Made by sunu!!!!

http://faculty.evansville.edu/de3/b10804/PDFs.html Phylum Porifera (sponges) http://faculty.evansville.edu/de3/b10804/PDFs/4_Porifera.pdf

- Hexactinellida - Glass sponges - Siliceous spicules with 6 rays intersecting at right angles - Cannot contract - Can rapidly conduct electrical impulses - Demospongiae - Most diverse sponge group - Composed of spongin fibers/siliceous spicules - Calcarea - Only sponge group with CaC03 spicules - Near shore or shallow areas

  • Pores instead of mouth, water and nutrients are transferred by its flagella

  • Carnivorous sponges :O (harp sponge)

  • Adults are sessile

  • Asymmetrical

  • Filter feeders

  • Other organisms live inside (symbiosis)

  • Consists of CaCo3, silica or collagen fiber spicules

  • Sexual and asexual reproduction (budding)

  • Internal budding (?) larval form is called parenchymula

  • Most are pelagic

  • 2 way gut (food in and out through same opening)

  • Cilia transfers food and gas around

  • Stinging cells (cnidocytes)

  • Staurozoa (Stalked jellyfish) [medusozoa] Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

  • Bilaterally symmetrical

  • Triploblastic (composed of 3 cells)

  • Only has a gut

  • 2 way gut

  • invertebrates

  • Respires by diffusion

  • Parasitic symbiosis (Not all) _- Trematoda (Flukes)

  • Endoparasitic (inside of manly vertebrates)

  • Epidermis is syncytial (many nuclei with no, or little, separation between cells)

  • Complicated life cycle including multiple hosts

  • various suckers, hooks and attachment organs (oral, mid ventral sucker)

  • Monogenea (Flukes)

  • Epidermis is syncytial

  • Mainly ectoparasites of fish

  • Simple life cycle with 1 definitive host

  • Suckers called opisthaptor around the mouth

  • posterior attachment organ that can also be a sucker, or hooks or clamps.

  • Larvaes are free- swimming

  • Cestoda (Tapeworms)

  • Parasitizes vertebrae/vertebrae guts depending on species

  • Nutrients received directly through epidermis,

  • contains many folds, increasing surface area

  • Equipped with many mitochondria_

- Body is formed of proglottids (segments) behind the scolex (oldest layers _are at posterior end)

  • Proglottids are basically bags of eggs. (can be fertilized by itself, other_ _segments within the same worm, or different worms)
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Attachment organ called scolex with suckers and spiny hooks
  • Can lead to nutritional deficiencies in the host
  • Turbellaria (Free- living flatworms)
  • Mainly aquatic
  • Most have ventral cilia, allowing them to move
  • Ventral mouth, near the front. Can face forwards and backwards depending on body type
  • Eyes (or light sensitive eyespots) are usually located near the head.
  • Some have statocysts for balance and to sense gravity
  • Can reproduce asexually by fission
  • Can regenerate from a small piece, retaining polarity_ Marine Discovery Ecology 450 Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
  • Coelomate (fluid filled/body cavity) animals → get and organs are suspended
  • Segmentation (segmented body, a thin layer called septa divides the coelomates which gives the segmented appearance)
  • Triploblastic
  • Chaetae (hair made of chitin)
  • Protostomal (Head develops first)
  • Bilateral
  • Reworks soil and sediments (keeps soil aerated and fertilized)
  • No veliger stage

  • Flattened, oval shape

  • Heart and open blood system

  • Head lacks tentacles or eyes

  • Simple nervous system with 2 pairs of lateral nerve cords

  • Many aesthetes (minute sensory organs like light receptors)

  • Feeds on encrusted organisms

    • [How they have offsprings]
      • Male sperm into the water
      • Female eggs gets fertilized
      • Eggs may remain in pallial cavity of female, then develops into a trochophore larvae
  • Class Gastropoda (snail, nudibranchs, slugs)

  • Largest group in the phylum mollusca

  • Their habitat is extremely diverse

  • Only mollusc to invade the land

  • Originated in the ocean

  • Larvae (veliger) is free swimming and ciliated when fertilized (Trochophore larvae)

  • The veliger undergoes torsion

  • Most live on hard substrate

  • Most are benthic

  • HAS RADULA

  • Class Bivalvia (bivalves)

  • Lives on soft and hard substrate

  • Most have shells

  • Burrows into sediment or lives on the ocean floor

  • Pallial cavity with very large gills to get suspended food

  • Food is bound in mucus, then carried to the ciliated labial palps by the cilia

  • Digestion is carried out in the digestive diverticula

  • Hyaline rod rotates to release enzymes into the stomach

  • Hermaphroditic and dioecious

  • Bilaterally symmetrical

  • Lacks head, radula, and jaws

  • Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuttlefish, chambered nautilus)

  • Mainly active predators

  • Most intelligent, mobile, and large in Mollusca

  • Diversity in size, predation, locomotion, disguise and communication

  • Nautiloids are the earliest fossil record found within class cephalopoda

  • Nautiloids and ammonoids can be differentiated by the location of their siphuncle (lining of the shell, a tube that connects the chambers) and shapes of their sutures (squiggly thing that intersects the siphuncle, also called a septa)

Marine Discovery Ecology 450 Phylum Arthropoda (shrimp, crabs, barnacles, isopods, etc.)

  • Exoskeleton is made up of stiff cuticle made largely of chitin and proteins, can be further stiffened with calcium carbonate
  • Distinct segmented bodies (Tagmosis→ head, thorax, abdomen)
  • Trilobites were the dominant arthropod during the early paleozoic
  • The exoskeleton provides structure for the muscles to pull, reduces the loss of water, and protects them from physical dangers
  • Chitin is laid with plates, with joints between them
  • Some have uniramous appendages (legs with single branch) , rest has biramous. Outer is often a flattened gill, inner is for walking, reproducing, grasping or chewing

Madreporite: Where the starfish absorbs water; helps circulate water through its water vasular system. Ambulacral groove: It catches food and moves it towards the mouth, working together with its suction cups/ foot i think idk. Anus and mouth is on the same side (up side) lul.

Ampulla: Helps store water, contracts and un-contracts to help with locomotion (movement) http://www.madreporite.com/science/digest.htm Research more ^^^