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IoT stands for the Internet of Things., Cheat Sheet of Internet and Information Access

Graphic Era (Deemed to be University)Internet and Information Access

IoT has the potential to revolutionize how we interact with the world, offering new possibilities for efficiency, convenience, and innovation.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Uploaded on 11/29/2023

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Communication Models in IoT (Internet of Things )
REQUEST AND RESPONSE MODEL
This model follows a client-server architecture.
Theclient, when required, requests the information from the server. This request is usually
in the encoded format.
This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and each request
is independently handled.
The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its resource
representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in an encoded format
to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response.
On the other hand — InRequest-Responsecommunication model client sends a request to
the server and the server responds to the request. When the server receives the request it
decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves resources, and prepares the response,
and sends it to the client.
PUBLISHER AND SUSCRIBER MODEL
This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
Publishersare the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are managed by the
broker. They are not aware of consumers
Consumerssubscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker
Hence,Brokersresponsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the
appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to
which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is unaware of.
PUSH AND PULL MODEL
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.
PublishersandConsumersare not aware of each other.
Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers, present on
the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the
message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a
publisher and consumer.
Queueshelp in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer. Queues
also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push the data and consumers pull the data.
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Communication Models in IoT (Internet of Things )

REQUEST AND RESPONSE MODEL This model follows a client-server architecture. The client , when required, requests the information from the server. This request is usually in the encoded format. This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and each request is independently handled. The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its resource representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response. On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a request to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client. PUBLISHER AND SUSCRIBER MODEL This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers. Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is unaware of. PUSH AND PULL MODEL The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues. Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other. Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and consumers pull the data.

EXCLUSIVE PAIR Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication among client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the client sends a request to close the connection. The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened. This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open connections. WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model. Benefits of Internet of Things(IoT) in Manufacturing Industry

SENSORS use for sensing things and devices etc

A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified

measurement.

The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable

for processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any

device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.

The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-readable

form like changes in characteristics, changes in resistance, capacitance,

impedance, etc.

Sensors Characteristics:

1. Static Characteristics:-

It is about how the output of a sensor changes in response to an input change after steady state condition.

2. Dynamic Characteristics:-

Sensor Classification:

1. Passive Sensor –

Can not independently sense the input. Ex- Accelerometer, soil moisture,

water level and temperature sensors.

2. Active Sensor –

Independently sense the input. Example- Radar, sounder and laser

altimeter sensors.

3. Analog Sensor –

The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its

input parameter. Ex- Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor and

analog Hall Effect.

4. Digital sensor –

Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the disadvantages of

analog sensors. Along with the analog sensor, it also comprises extra

electronics for bit conversion. Example – Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and

digital temperature sensor (DS1620).

5. Scalar sensor –

Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude. The answer for

the sensor is a function of magnitude of some input parameter. Not

affected by the direction of input parameters.

Example – temperature, gas, strain, color and smoke sensor.

6. Vector sensor –

The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction and

orientation of input parameter. Example – Accelerometer, gyroscope,

magnetic field and motion detector sensors.

Types of sensors –  Electrical sensor :

Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non-contact.

Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component

complete an electrical circuit.

Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of

either induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non-metals

as well.

Light sensor:

Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor.

Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.

The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the

intensity of the ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s

resistance decreases and vise versa.

Touch sensor:

Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch

sensor.

The network layer is divided into two sub layers: routing layer which handles

the transfer of packets from source to destination, and an encapsulation

layer that forms the packets.