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SBOLC NETWORK+ // NETWORK
ESSENTIALS 3.15.2018 questions and answers
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Workstations - ✔✔Workstations are often seriously powerful computers that run more than one central processing unit (CPU) and whose resources are available to other users on the network to access when needed. Client Machine - ✔✔A client machine is any device on the network that can ask for access to resources from a server or powerful workstation—that for instance, hosts a printer. Servers - ✔✔Servers are also powerful computers. They get their name because they truly are "at the service" of the network and run specialized software for the network's maintenance and control known as the network operating system. File server Stores and dispenses files Mail server The network's post office; handles email functions Print server Manages printers on the network Web server Manages web-based activities by running Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) for storing web content and accessing web pages
Fax server The "memo maker" that sends and receives paperless faxes over the network Application server Manages network applications Telephony server Handles the call center and call routing and can be thought of as a sophisticated network answering machine Remote access server Provides remote users with access to the network through modems and an IP connection Proxy server Handles tasks in the place of other machines on the network Host - ✔✔The scope of possible machines and devices is so broad because, in TCP/IP-speak, host means any network device with an IP address. All computers connected to a network that participate directly in network communication are classified as hosts. Wide Area Network (WAN) - ✔✔ Local Area Network (LAN) - ✔✔A local area network (LAN) is usually restricted to spanning a particular geographic location such as an office building, a single department within a corporate office, or even a home office.
Either the first or last assignable address on the net. How to find your IP Address - ✔✔Open the Command Prompt, type ipconfig. Look for Ethernet adapter Ethernet: Connection-specific DNS Suffix. : netacad.gordon.army.mil Link-local IPv6 Address..... : fe80::11c8:8a4:73f8:f00c% IPv4 Address........... : 192.168.127. Subnet Mask........... : 255.255.255. Default Gateway......... : 192.168.127. 172.16.0.0/12 - ✔✔IPv4 Private Network Address 169.254.0.0/16 - ✔✔IPv4 Link-Local Address fe80 - ✔✔Link local IPv6 version header What are the three IPv4 ranges? - ✔✔ 24 - bit block = 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 = Single Class A 20 - bit block = 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 = Contiguous range of 16 Class B blocks 16 - bit block = 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 = Contiguous range of 256 Class C Blocks
End Device - ✔✔A source or destination device in a networked system. For example, a user's PC is an end device, and so is a server. Network switches, routers and other equipment work in between to enable messages to travel from one end device to the other. Public Address vs. Private Address - ✔✔A network's public IP address is issued by your ISP, your router issues private (or internal) IP addresses to each network device inside your network. This provides unique identification for devices that are within your home network, such as your computer, Public address can move over internet, private addresses cannot. You can't have private addresses in public domains (something would be broken) Port Number - ✔✔Example: 192.168.127.113/PORT NUMBER (Unique user) (<Subnet.Mask>/<Port.Number>) Every end device knows a port number. Network Address Translation (NAT) - ✔✔Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. Static NAT Dynamic NAT Port Address Translation (PAT) - ✔✔Allows users to have a single public address, and everyone can transmit, individuals will have the same address but individual port number.
As an example, a host with an IPv4 address 192.168.5.11 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. The first three octets, (192.168.5), identify the network portion of the address, and the last octet, (11) identifies the host. This is known as hierarchical addressing because the network portion indicates the network on which each unique host address is located. Routers only need to know how to reach each network, rather than needing to know the location of each individual host. Broadcast IP Address - ✔✔The Broadcast IP Address is the last IP address? How many octets are in a 32-bit address? - ✔✔4 Octets. When a host receives an IPv4 address, it looks at all 32 bits as they are received by the NIC. Humans, on the other hand, need to convert those 32 bits into their four octet decimal equivalent. Each octet is made up of 8 bits and each bit has a value. The four groups of 8 bits have the same set of values. The rightmost bit in an octet has a value of 1 and the values of the remaining bits, from right to left, are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128. Dotted Decimal Address - ✔✔192.168.1. How many total Class C addresses exist? - ✔✔There are 254 addresses. Every class C address has two unassignable addresses. The Net ID and Broadcast addresses are not assignable. 192 to 223 Smallest available number How many total Class A addresses exist? - ✔✔There are 16,777,216 addresses. Count the number of zeros in the subnet host, and then use (2^N) - 2.
Largest available number = ISPs How many total Class B addresses exist? - ✔✔There are 65,536. Add zeros from the below octets together, then use in equation 2^N- 2 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
- 0 = 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 31 zeros 2(31)-2 = 2,147,483,646 hosts Are the net ID and broadcast addresses assignable? - ✔✔No. What is this address? 169.264.x.x - ✔✔If your computer is set to Obtain an IP Address Automatically and it cannot locate a DHCP server, then it will likely produce an IP address similar to this 169.254.x.x IP Address
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What are the default Subnet Masks - ✔✔Class A 255.0.0. Class B 255.255.0. Class C 255.255.255. What is Slash Notation? - ✔✔ What are the Slash Notations for Classes A, B, and C? - ✔✔Class A = / Class B = / Class C = / What does it mean to Subnet/Supernet - ✔✔169.254/16 (Classful) 172.16.0.0.12 (Classless) CIDR prefix is the number of ones in the Subnet Mask Classful if it becomes in 192 (for 255.255.255.0 Classful Classless anything All class C addresses by default produce - ✔✔
Net ID will always be the first address, true or false - ✔✔True First assignable address will be one greater than your net ID, true or false? - ✔✔True Last assignable address is one less than the broadcast address, true or false? - ✔✔True If all bits are on in your IPv4 address, what number do you get? - ✔✔ 255 If you have 256 bits in an octet, what do you do? - ✔✔Turn that octet to 0 and increase the preceding octet by one. What can and cannot change in an IPv4 address? - ✔✔What can't change: the 255 octets 255.255.255.0 X = What can change: The non 255 octets ALWAYS DO MATH IN 4th Octet. 2^7 is what place value in the binary number line? - ✔✔2^7 is the 8th value in the binary number line.
What are the categories of personal data? - ✔✔Volunteered Data, created and explicitly shared by individuals, such as a social network profile. This may include video files, pictures, text or audio files. Inferred Data, such as a credit score, is based on an analysis of volunteered or observed data Observed Data is captured by recording the actions of individual, such as location data when using cell phones.
- ✔✔A bit is stored and transmitted as one of two possible discrete states. This can include two directions of magnetization, two distinct voltage or current levels What are the three common methods of signal transmission used in networks? - ✔✔Electrical signals - transmission is achieved by representing data as electrical pulses on copper wire. Optical signals - transmission is achieved by converting the electrical signals into light pulses. Wireless signals - transmission is achieved by using infrared microwave, or radio waves through the air. Bandwidth - ✔✔Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data. Digital bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time. Measured in Kb/s Mb/s or Gb/s Throughput - ✔✔Measurement of the rate at which data can be delivered across the network from the source device to the destination device. Usually referenced as bits per second. (actual speed)
Byte - ✔✔A measurement of data which contains eight binary bits, or a series of eight zeros and ones. Latency - ✔✔Measurement of the amount of time, including delays, that it takes a specific piece of data to travel across the network from source to destination. Network Media - ✔✔The wires, optical fibers, and electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data signals from a source to a destination. Binary Digit - ✔✔A value of zero or one that represents the smallest unit of data. What are examples of intermediate devices? - ✔✔Router, Wireless router, switch, wireless access point, firewall, service provider switch, or call manager. What are examples of end devices? - ✔✔Printers, tablets, smart phones, desktops, servers, ip phones, and laptops What are the examples of network media? - ✔✔LAN, WAN, Wireless media and the cloud. What is peer-to-peer networking? - ✔✔Client and server software usually run on separate computers, but it is also possible for one computer to run both client and server software at the same time. In small businesses and homes, many computers function as the servers and clients on the network. the simplest peer-to-peer network consists of two directly connected computers using either a wired or wireless connection. Both computers are then able to use this simple network to exchange data and services with each other, acting as either a client or a server as necessary.
If a problem occurs, use the output of the traceroute utility to help determine where a message was lost or delayed. The traceroute utility is called tracert in the Windows environment. What are three things that play a role in determining available bandwidth? - ✔✔Physical media properties; current technologies; and law of physics What are three factors that influence throughput - ✔✔Amount of data being sent and received on the connection; type of data transmitted; and latency created by number of intermediary devices. What is a device that has software installed which enables them to provide information? - ✔✔A server What is a device that has software installed that installed that enables them to request and display information? - ✔✔A client What is a utility that can be used to test end-to-end connectivity between source and destination IP addresses - ✔✔Pinging a device True or false, a network of networks is the internet - ✔✔True In fiber-optic media, the signals are represented as patterns of what? - ✔✔ When a user is visiting an e-learning website to learn about networking, the user computer is acting as what? - ✔✔
Information in its raw or unorganized form that represents something is known as what? - ✔✔data Which criterion can be used to select the appropriate type of network media for a network? - ✔✔The environment where the selected medium is to be installed. In fiber-optic media, the signals are represented as patterns of what? - ✔✔Light True or False, the most common type of cellular telephone network is called a GSM network, an abbreviation of the title, "Global System for Mobile Communications." - ✔✔True Types of networks - ✔✔Global Positioning System (GPS) - the Global Positioning System network uses satellites to transmit signals that cover the globe. The smart phone can receive these signals and calculate the phone's location to an accuracy of within 10 meters. Wi-Fi - Wi-Fi transmitters and receivers located within the smart phone enable the phone to connect to local networks and the Internet. In order to receive and send data on a Wi-Fi network, the phone needs to be within the range of the signal from a wireless network access point. Wi-Fi networks are usually privately owned but often provide guest or public access hotspots. A hotspot is an area where Wi-Fi signals are available. Wi-Fi network connections on the phone are similar to the network connections on a laptop computer. WiFI uses radio waves for devices to communicate Bluetooth - A low-power, shorter range wireless technology that is intended to replace wired connectivity for accessories such as speakers, headphones and microphones.
The physical topology diagram also shows where the wiring is installed and the locations of the networking devices that connect the hosts. Such a diagram uses symbols or icons to represent the different devices and connections that make up a network. The four main types of criteria for choosing network media - ✔✔1. The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.
- the environment in which the media is to be installed.
- The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted.
- The cost of the media and installation. Common Network Cables - ✔✔Twisted-Pair - Modern Ethernet technology generally uses a type of copper cable known as twisted-pair (TP) to interconnect devices. Because Ethernet is the foundation for most local networks, TP is the most commonly encountered type of network cabling. Long distances of UTP copper can become attenuated. Uses pulses of electricity.
Coaxial Cable - Coaxial cable is usually constructed of either copper or aluminum, and is used by cable television companies to provide service. It is also used for connecting the various components which make up satellite communication systems. This uses high-frequency transmission line to carry high-frequency or broadband signals. Fiber-Optic - Fiber-optic cables are made of glass or plastic. They have a very high bandwidth, which enables them to carry very large amounts of data. Fiber is used in backbone networks, large enterprise environments and large data centers. It is also used extensively by telephone companies. Fiber-optic cannot conduct electricity. Uses light instead of electricity, electrical interference does not affect the signal. What causes electromagnetic interference (EMI)? - ✔✔Data transmission over copper cable is sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can reduce the data throughput rate that a cable can provide. Common items in a home that can create EMI include microwave ovens and fluorescent light fixtures. What is crosstalk? - ✔✔Another source of interference, known as crosstalk, occurs when cables are bundled together for long lengths. The electrical impulses from one cable can cross over to an adjacent cable. This occurs most frequently when cables are improperly installed and terminated. When data transmission is corrupted due to interference such as crosstalk, the data must be retransmitted. This can degrade the data carrying capacity of the medium. What are the types of twisted-pair cables? - ✔✔Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) This is the most commonly encountered type of network cable in north America and many other areas.
