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IRENE GOLD BOARDS PART 1 PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND 10 0 %
CORRECT ANSWERS 2024 - 2025 ( 100 % PASS)
What 2 ways can blood enter the heart? - Answer →Superior vena cava →Inferior vena cava Blood enters the heart via SVC and IVC but there is another exception. What is it? - Answer Azygous veins The Azygous vein drains where? - Answer SVC What part of the heart is this? → P-wave starts at sinoatrial node in crista terminalis → impulse travels to AV node - Answer Right Atrium What about when there is a SA node impulse to AV node and delayed (P-R) interval? - Answer AV Nodal Delay Which of the following parts of the heart? →end of diastole 120 ml →tricuspid valve closes S- 1 →heart sound: isovolumetric contraction - Answer Right ventricle Name this EKG: → QRS complex - ventricular contract - Answer Ventricular depolarization
Which of the following is a part of the heart? → mid-systole (halfway through)= enough pressure to blow open pulmonic semilunar valves - Answer pulmonary artery Which of the following is a part of the heart? → blood exits via 2 pulmonary arteries to lungs - Answer pulmonary artery What carries DE-O2 blood? - Answer pulmonary artery What carries DE-O2 blood? - Answer umbilical artery Ventricular filling is ____% passive and ____% active - Answer 80 % passive 20 % active from atrial contraction SA node impulse to AV node is shown as what on an ECG? - Answer P-R interval At the end of diastole the right ventricle contains _______ amount of blood - Answer 150 ml S 1 = S 2 = - Answer →AV Valves - S →Semilunar - S QRS = - Answer Ventricular depolarization + consequent contraction Isovolumetric contraction begins at ____ and ends as semilunar valves open - Answer S 1
The first downward or negative projection that is normal on an ECG is the ____ second negative projection is - Answer →Q-wave - 1 st →S-wave - 2 nd On an ECG what hides atrial re-polarization? - Answer QRS complex What prevents the AV valves from blowing backward during ventricular contraction? - Answer →Cordae Tendinea →Papillary Muscles What does the T-wave represent on an ECG? - Answer Ventricular re-polarization What does the S-T segment represent on an ECG? - Answer Isovolumetric relaxation What does the U-wave represent on a ECG? - Answer Papillary muscle re-polarization A Myocardial infarction will appear as what on the ECG? ( 2 possibilities) - Answer Inverted T wave Altered S-T segment Anwer →Heart tetany is prevented by - Slow calcium channels that create a long absolute refractory period →Aka "plateaus" Heart auto-rhythmicity is due to - Answer The hearts own leaky sodium channels Frequency of impulse:
SA - Answer SA - 80 - 100 Frequency of impulse: AV - Answer AV - 40 - 60 Frequency of impulse: Heart Tissue Itself - Answer Tissue - 20 - 30 1 st and 2 nd degree heart blocks are seen as what on an ECG? - Answer → 1 st - long PR interval → 2 nd - non conducting P wave ( 2 P waves in a row) Winkeboch Phenomena →Complete block totally irregular S S 4 - Answer →S 3 = ventricular gallup (CHF) →S 4 = atrial gallop heard in diastole Diastolic Valvular Problems ARMS - PRTS - Answer →Aortic Regurgitation Mitral Stenosis →Pulmonic Regurgitation Tricuspid Stenosis
Greatest resistance to pressure in arteries is found in - Ans Arterioles Greatest cross sectional area in arteries - Ans Capillaries After load of the heart is determined by - Ans Aortic pressure Universal donor - Ans O neg Universal recipient - Ans AB Tetralogy of Fallot DRIP - Ans →Dextroposition of Aorta →Right Ventricular Hypertrophy →Interventricular Septal Defect →Pulmonary Stenosis Heart defects, dissecting aneurysm, subluxation of the lens of the eye, tall in stature, arachnodactaly (spider like fingers) are characteristics of what? - Answer Marfan Syndrome Rheumatic Fever from step pyogenes makes aschoff bodies and is from Group A Lancefield Beta-Hemolytic Strep cause - Answer Heart Valve Pathologies Benign tumor of the heart - Answer Myxoma
Heart Inflammatory indicator - Answer C-reactive protein (CRP) Anterior spinal roots are motor and posterior are sensory are indicative of - Answer Bell Magendie Gas volume decreases as pressure increases under constant temperature - Answer Boyle's Law Gas volume increases as temperature increases under constant pressure - Answer Charles' Law Minimal time needed to electrically stimulate a muscle or a nerve twice the minimum current needed to elicit threshold response - Answer Chronaxie Membrane potential NA+ K+ CL- - Answer Goldman The more the pressure, the more the solubility of gas in water - Answer Henri's Law The Vagus nerve limits respiratory excursion - Answer Hering Breuer As the radius of a vessel decreases pressure/tension in the vessel increases - Answer LaPlace Law Arteries Ventricular pressure depends on muscular tension, size and shape of the heart - Answer LaPlace Law Heart Membrane potential exactly opposes net diffusion - Answer Nernst Minimum constant electric current required to produce threshold response - Ans Rheobase Cardiac output = venous return (If not CHF) - Ans Starling Law
Give the following volumes in milliliters: Inspiratory Reserve Volume - Answer 3000 ml Give the following volumes in milliliters: Expiratory Reserve Volume - Answer 1100 ml Give the following volumes in milliliters: Residual Volume - Answer 1200 ml Give the following volumes in milliliters: Inspiratory Capacity = - Answer 500 (Tidal Volume)+ 3000 (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) = 3500 ml Give the following volumes in milliliters: Functional Residual Capacity - Answer 1100 (Expiratory Reserve Volume)+ 1200 (Residual Volume)= 2300 ml Give the following volumes in milliliters: Vital Capacity = - Answer 500 (Tidal Volume)+ 3000 (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)+ 1100 (Expiratory Reserve Volume) = 4600 ml Give the following volumes in milliliters: TLC = - Answer ALL TOGETHER = 5800 ml
→Tidal Volume - 500 ml →Inspiratory Reserve Volume - 3000 ml →Expiratory Reserve Volume - 1100 ml →Residual Volume - 1200 ml →Inspiratory Capacity = 500 + 3000 = 3500 ml →Functional Residual Capacity - 1100 + 1200 = 2300 ml →Vital Capacity = 500 + 3000 + 1100 = 4600 ml Respiration is controlled by what? - Answer →Dorsal motor nucleus of Vagus →Throat = nucleus ambiguous - CN 9 , 10 , 11 Muscles Pharynx/Larynx Alveolar pressure is slightly negative that allows for? - Answer Normal Quiet Inspiration Atmospheric pressure - Answer Opposes alveolar pressure Pleural Pressure due to presence of fluid in pleural space maintains negative pressure in order to - Answer Keep lungs open The difference between alveolar and pleural pressures - Answer Transpulmonary pressure or recoil pressure
keeps pH constant Blood pH is what - Answer 7. 35 - 7 .4 5 70 % of CO 2 in the blood - Answer bicarb 23 % of CO 2 in the blood - Answer Hemoglobin 7 % of CO2 in the blood - Answer freely dissolved in blood Carboxyhemoglobin is - Answer Carbon Monoxide What does carbonic anhydrase do? - Answer H2O+CO 2 <->H+ + HCO 3 Needs ZINC How does the body correct for respiratory acidosis? - Answer Urinate NH 4 Can be caused by pneumonia How does the body correct for respiratory alkalosis - Answer excrete bicarb (NaCO 3 ) How does the doctor correct for respiratory alkalosis - Answer breath into bag/bag over head How does the body correct for Metabolic acidosis? - Answer Hyperventilation Caused by Diarrhea (excrete HCO3)
Or Diabetes Mellitus How does the body correct for metabolic alkalosis? - Answer Slow/decrease breathing How much fluid is filtered by the kidneys daily? - Answer 180 liters What is the most powerful vasoconstrictor known to man? - Answer Angiotensin II Renin + Angiotensinogen(from liver) makes - Answer Angiotensin I Converted to Angiotensin II in lungs Where is the macula densa located and to what is it sensitive? - Answer Located in the distal convoluted tubule and is sensitive to sodium concentration Result of decreased sodium detection of macula densa - Answer Macula densa thinks low BP Vasodilation of afferent arteriole Secretion of Renin into blood from juxtaglomerular cells - angiotensinogen - angiotensin I - angiotensin II = VASOCONSTRICTION Angiotensin II has greatest effect on - Answer Efferent Arteriole causing vasoconstriction Increased pressure from angiotensin has what effect in the glomerulus - Answer forces fluid out of glomerulus into Bowmans capsule for filtration and entrance to PVT Angiotensin II signals. Adrenal cortex to secrete what? - Answer Aldosterone to retain
Stimulated by? Acts on? Action? - Answer Stimulated by Angiotensin II Acts on DCT Reabsorbs NA+ and Excretes K+ ???????????ADH/Vasopressin Stimulated by? Acts on? Action? - Answer Stimulated by increase NA+ osmolarity/concentration Acts on collecting duct Makes collecting ducts permeable to water to reabsorb water NEPHRON REABSORPTION: DCT with Aldosterone - Answer Reabsorbs NA+ Everything but NA+ is reabsorbed where? - Answer PC What is the best test for GFR - Answer Inulin KIDNEY ANATOMY Contents of: Renal Cortex Renal Medulla - Answer Cortex = nephron, PCT, DCT Medulla = Loop of Henle, collecting ducts
What is a podocyte - Answer Foot like process in kidney Function of Loop of Henle - Answer Counter current mechanism which prevents excess ion excretion ?????HORMONES & GLANDS Gland which makes melatonin - Answer Pineal Tryptophan to Serotonin to Melatonin Releasing factors from Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary - Answer Hypothalamus What is the Function?? Glomerulus - Answer Filters What is the Function?? PCT - Answer Reabsorption What is the Function?? DCT - Answer Secretion What is the Function?? Urine - Answer Excretion HORMONAL CONTROL OF CALCIUM
produces: aldosterone effects: mineral corticoid - salt - Answer Zona Glomerulosa - Which Zone of Adrenals is this?? produces: cortisol effects: glucocorticoid - sugar - Answer Zona Fasciculata Which Zone of Adrenals is this? produces sex hormones effects androgens sex - Answer Zona Reticularis Adrenal medulla aka - Answer Neural crest cell What Secretes NE/Epinephrine to break glycogen into glucose and raise blood sugar? - Answer Adrenal medulla What hormone is made in the testes, by what cells, and what does it do? - Answer Made by Interstitial Cells of Leydig Function to create secondary sex characteristics What hormones are produces in the ovaries and what do they do? - Answer Estrogen - secondary sex characteristics
- proliferative phase builds endometrial lining Progesterone - secretory phase - nourish embryo Menstrual cycle - Answer FSH - picks primary follicle and releases estrogen Estrogen - thickens endometrium and peaks on 14 th day to release LH LH - ovulation and forms corpus leuteum Corpus Leuteum - produces progesterone and inhibin then dies w/o fertilization or continues to produce progesterone to nourish embryo
HCG - produced by placenta after fertilization and stimulates corpus leruteum to produce more progesterone Layers of Oocytes - Response Thick layer (zona pellucidum) glucoprotein - aka corona granular Outside layer - corona radiata Spermatogenesis - makes haploid cells from meiosis - is initiated by gonadotropic releasing factor then what? - Answer FSH - starts spermatogenesis LH - releases testosterone from Leydig Cells Testosterone - matures sperm Sperm - made in somniferous tubules/mature in epididymis and stored in Vas Deferens Inhibin - shuts off spermatogenesis Sertoli cells - make inhibin = support Cryptorchism - Answer Failure of testes to descend - increase risk for testicular cancer What 2 digestive enzymes are found in the mouth and what do they do? - Answer Ptyalin/Salivary Amylase - breakdown starch Sublingual Lipase - breaks down fat What digestive substances are produced in the stomach and what cells make them? - Answer Chief/Peptic - pepsinogen - +HCL = pepsin - protein Parietal/Oxyntic Cells - HCL - to make pepsin and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption in terminal ilium Mucus neck cells - produce mucus for protection from HCL Gastric Glands give rise to _____ and _____ where Pyloric glands give rise to ______ - Answer Gastric Glands - parietal/oxyntic and peptic/chief cells
