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IS FINAL EXAM (LATEST 2025 ) QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS- 100% CORRECT|
cellular respiration CORRECT ANSWER>>> Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose
and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
fossil fuels CORRECT ANSWER>>> a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past
from the remains of living organisms.
oil CORRECT ANSWER>>> A liquid fossil fuel formed from marine organisms that is burned to obtain
energy and used in the manufacture of plastics.
natural gas CORRECT ANSWER>>> A gas with high methane content, found along with various fossil
fuels and is used as a fuel.
coal CORRECT ANSWER>>> solid fossil fuel formed when remains of plants are buried, heated, and
compressed over millions of years
nonrenewable resources CORRECT ANSWER>>> A natural resource that is not replaced in a useful
time frame.
alternative energy sources CORRECT ANSWER>>> a source of energy other than the burning of a
fossil fuel
nuclear energy CORRECT ANSWER>>> The energy released during nuclear fission is used to heat
water and form steam. The steam is then used to generate electricity.
renewable resource CORRECT ANSWER>>> A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate
at which the resource is consumed
solar power CORRECT ANSWER>>> power obtained by harnessing the energy of the sun's rays.
wind power CORRECT ANSWER>>> energy from the wind - the wind turns giant windmill type blades
creating electricity.
turbine CORRECT ANSWER>>> A machine for producing power in which a wheel or rotor is made to
revolve by a fast-moving flow of water, steam, gas, or air.
geothermal energy CORRECT ANSWER>>> Is a form of renewable energy derived from heat deep in
the earth's crust. Geothermal Energy is also used for electricity production. Geothermal Power Generation is used today throughout the world where good geothermal resources exist, including many locations in the western United States as well as New Zealand and Iceland.
hydroelectricity CORRECT ANSWER>>> electricity generated from moving water—usually falling or
flowing
Energy Efficiency CORRECT ANSWER>>> The percentage of energy put into a system that does useful
work
solar cell CORRECT ANSWER>>> a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy
carbon dioxide CORRECT ANSWER>>> (CO2) Sources include the combustion of fossil fuels and
animals in cellular respiration. Effects: greenhouse gas-contributes to global warming. Reduction accomplished by increased fuel efficiency (gas mileage), mass transit (reduction) more plants to use CO in photosythesis.
rock cycle CORRECT ANSWER>>> a repeated series of events by which rock gradually and continually
changes between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms
igneous rock CORRECT ANSWER>>> a type of rock that forms from the cooling of magma at or below
the surface
sedimentary rock CORRECT ANSWER>>> A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or
the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
role of animals in cycles CORRECT ANSWER>>> use oxygen to break down sugar in cellular
respiration; animals die/decay and return component elements back to soil; animals are consumer organisms
role of plants in cycles CORRECT ANSWER>>> use CO2 and water to produce glucose and oxygen in
photosynthesis; they are primary producers be converting solar energy into materials that consumers need to live.
burning fossil fuels CORRECT ANSWER>>> converts carbon in fossil fuels or plant materials from oil
and gas back into carbon dioxide in the air in the combustion process.
nitrogen cycle CORRECT ANSWER>>> the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds
are converted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition in both gas and solid form
biogeochemical cycles CORRECT ANSWER>>> The movement of abiotic factors between the living
and nonliving components within ecosystems; also known as nutrient cycles (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).
deforestation CORRECT ANSWER>>> The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
carbon CORRECT ANSWER>>> atomic number 6 on Periodic Table with 4 valence electrons that can
form many compounds
greenhouse gas CORRECT ANSWER>>> Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water
vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
Nitrogen (N2) CORRECT ANSWER>>> the atmosphere is 78%____
fertilizer CORRECT ANSWER>>> A substance that promotes plant growth by supplying essential
nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus
sedimentation CORRECT ANSWER>>> the process in which soil particles and decaying organic matter
accumulate in layers on the ground or at the bottom of large bodies of water, contributing to the formation of sedimentary rock
metamorphism CORRECT ANSWER>>> the process in which one type of rock changes into
metamorphic rock because of chemical processes or changes in temperature and pressure
Water Cycle CORRECT ANSWER>>> The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere,
oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
Carbon Cycle CORRECT ANSWER>>> the series of processes by which carbon compounds are
converted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.
Ohm's Law CORRECT ANSWER>>> The relationship of voltage, current, and resistance
Voltage CORRECT ANSWER>>> The potential difference measured in volts. The amount of work to be
done to move a charge from one point to another along an electric circuit.
Battery CORRECT ANSWER>>> A device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Works
due to potential difference between the terminal ends
Current CORRECT ANSWER>>> The rate at which charges move through a conductor
Potential Difference CORRECT ANSWER>>> voltage
Resistance CORRECT ANSWER>>> The opposition posed by a material to the flow of current
Superconductor CORRECT ANSWER>>> a material that has almost zero resistance when it is cooled to
low temperatures
current CORRECT ANSWER>>> A flow of electricity through a conductor
circuit breaker CORRECT ANSWER>>> a device that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric
circuit at the first indication of overload
resistance CORRECT ANSWER>>> Determines how much current flows for a given voltage. Higher
resistance means less current flows
filament CORRECT ANSWER>>> a thin wire (usually tungsten) that is heated white hot by the passage
of an electric current
protons CORRECT ANSWER>>> In the nucleus of an atom (positively charged)
electrons CORRECT ANSWER>>> A negatively charged particle outside the nucleus of an atom.
insulator CORRECT ANSWER>>> A material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it
easily.
series circuit CORRECT ANSWER>>> A circuit that contains only one path for current flow.
parallel circuit CORRECT ANSWER>>> A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.
battery CORRECT ANSWER>>> A source of stored chemical energy for electric currents, having a
positive (+) and a negative (-) terminal.
schematic CORRECT ANSWER>>> A map of an electronic circuit. It uses symbols to represent
electrical components along the pathway.
electric charge CORRECT ANSWER>>> A property that causes subatomic particles to attract or repel
each other; caused by different numbers of protons and electrons
positive charge CORRECT ANSWER>>> more protons than electrons
negative charge CORRECT ANSWER>>> more electrons than protons
repel CORRECT ANSWER>>> like charges do this
attract CORRECT ANSWER>>> opposite charges do this
induced charges CORRECT ANSWER>>> Charges that appear on an uncharged object because of a
charged object nearby
static electricity CORRECT ANSWER>>> A buildup of charges on an object caused by friction
electric force CORRECT ANSWER>>> the force of attraction or repulsion on a charged particle that is
due to an electric field
2 factors in electric force CORRECT ANSWER>>> 1) distance & 2) amount of charge
electric field CORRECT ANSWER>>> The field around charged particles that exerts a force on other
charged particles; can act when not touching
electric field lines CORRECT ANSWER>>> Lines that provide a picture of an electric field, indicate the
field's strength by the spacing between the lines, never cross, and are directed toward negative charges and away from positive charges
lightning CORRECT ANSWER>>> A sudden spark, or energy discharge, caused when electrical charges
jump between parts of a cloud, between nearby clouds, or between a cloud and the ground.
convection CORRECT ANSWER>>> The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and
therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.
seismogram CORRECT ANSWER>>> the record of an earthquake's seismic waves produced by a
seismograph
P-waves CORRECT ANSWER>>> a primary wave, or compression wave; a seismic wave that causes
particles of rock to move in a back-and-forth direction parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling; they are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases
S-waves CORRECT ANSWER>>> a secondary wave that travels side-to side, and they travel more
slowly than P-waves. S-waves can only travel through solid materials and are very destructive
plate boundary CORRECT ANSWER>>> the region where two tectonic plates are in contact
seismic waves CORRECT ANSWER>>> vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy
released during an earthquake
body waves CORRECT ANSWER>>> seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior
surface waves CORRECT ANSWER>>> A type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves
reach the Earth's surface
triangulation CORRECT ANSWER>>> to determine the map position of the epicenter by plotting the
distance between the epicenter and three stations across the globe. The epicenter lies at the intersection of the three circles, for this is the only point at which the epicenter has the appropriate measured distance from all three stations.
radioactivity CORRECT ANSWER>>> the process by which an unstable nucleus emits one or more
particles or energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation
radioactive decay CORRECT ANSWER>>> The breakdown of a radioactive isotopes, releasing particles
and energy
nuclear radiation CORRECT ANSWER>>> the energy and matter released by the nuclei of unstable
isotopes
atoms CORRECT ANSWER>>> the smallest unit of an element having the chemical properties of the
element
isotopes CORRECT ANSWER>>> Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
nucleus CORRECT ANSWER>>> A region that is located at the center of an atom and contains most of
the atom's mass made up of protons and neutrons
neutrons CORRECT ANSWER>>> the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
gamma rays CORRECT ANSWER>>> Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and
highest frequencies
half-life CORRECT ANSWER>>> Length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample
to decay; can range from nanoseconds to billions of years
Carbon- 14 CORRECT ANSWER>>> Radioactive form of the element carbon that have been used to
determine the absolute age of recent fossils and geologic events
relative dating CORRECT ANSWER>>> any method of determining whether an event or object is older
or younger than other events or objects
absolute dating CORRECT ANSWER>>> any method of measuring the age of an event or object in
years
radioactive elements CORRECT ANSWER>>> unstable elements that decay or break down into
different elements
radiometric dating CORRECT ANSWER>>> the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic
material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
friction CORRECT ANSWER>>> A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact
orbit CORRECT ANSWER>>> The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space
eccentricity CORRECT ANSWER>>> The degree of elongation of an elliptical orbit
Astronomical Unit (AU) CORRECT ANSWER>>> The average distance between Earth and the sun,
about 150 million kilometers
ellipse CORRECT ANSWER>>> An oval shape, which may be elongated or nearly circular.
rotation CORRECT ANSWER>>> Turning around an axis or center point.
revolution CORRECT ANSWER>>> The movement of one object in an orbit around another object
Sir Isaac Newton CORRECT ANSWER>>> This scientist was an English mathematician and physicist
who devised principles to explain universal gravitation, that all matter attracts other matter.
Johannes Kepler CORRECT ANSWER>>> astronomer who used mathematics to prove that the planets
move in elliptical orbits around the sun
Newton's 1st Law of Motion CORRECT ANSWER>>> An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in
motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion CORRECT ANSWER>>> The acceleration of an object depends on the
mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion CORRECT ANSWER>>> For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction
Kepler's 1st Law of Planetary Motion CORRECT ANSWER>>> orbits of planets are in the shape of
ellipses
Kepler's 2nd Law of Planetary Motion CORRECT ANSWER>>> how the distance the orbiting body is
from the star speeds up or slows down its motion. Decrease in distance equates to faster revolution.
Kepler's 3rd Law of Planetary Motion CORRECT ANSWER>>> The square of the orbital period of a
planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
unbalanced force CORRECT ANSWER>>> two or more forces that are not equal and opposite of one
another; can cause change in motion
orbital period CORRECT ANSWER>>> The time required for a body to complete a single orbit
axis CORRECT ANSWER>>> An imaginary line through a body, about which it rotates.
Telescopes CORRECT ANSWER>>> Uses lenses and/or mirrors to gather more light from distant
objects, allowing you to see them
Nebulas CORRECT ANSWER>>> A large cloud of gas and dust in interstellar space, a region in space
where stars are born or where stars explode at the end of their lives
Nuclear Fusion CORRECT ANSWER>>> A nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic
number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy
Main Sequence Star CORRECT ANSWER>>> A star in the main cycle of its life, where hydrogen inside
is undergoing nuclear fusion, and gravity and pressure are once again balanced
Red Giant CORRECT ANSWER>>> Stage in a star's development when the inner helium core contracts
while the outer layers of hydrogen expand.
large star CORRECT ANSWER>>> They burn very hot and use their energy quickly. These are the only
stars that can turn into black holes.
Kelvin CORRECT ANSWER>>> the SI base unit of temperature; the temperature scale used for star
temperature
Star color CORRECT ANSWER>>> Determined by heat; blue hottest, then yellow finally red; color is an
electromagnetic waves visible to the eye
constant CORRECT ANSWER>>> This is something that remains the same and does not change.
orbit period CORRECT ANSWER>>> This is the amount of time it takes for a planet to complete one
full orbit.
satellite CORRECT ANSWER>>> A smaller object orbiting a larger object.
astronomical unit CORRECT ANSWER>>> The average distance from earth to the sun. 93 million
miles.
nuclear fusion CORRECT ANSWER>>> A nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic
number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy
proton CORRECT ANSWER>>> A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom
hydrogen CORRECT ANSWER>>> The first and simplest element on the periodic table. It is one of the
most common elements in the galaxy; H; atomic #
helium CORRECT ANSWER>>> Atomic #2; He; atom fused from fusion of H in stars
sun CORRECT ANSWER>>> The closest star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in our
solar system through nuclear reactions
nuclear fusion reactor CORRECT ANSWER>>> a source of energy through controlled nuclear reactions
that produces heat, then heats water; then steam to turn a turbine for electricty
solar energy CORRECT ANSWER>>> Is the radiant energy of the sun, which can be converted into
other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.
electromagnetic radiation CORRECT ANSWER>>> energy that travels through space in the form of
waves
plasma CORRECT ANSWER>>> a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present
in stars and fusion reactors
sunspot cycle CORRECT ANSWER>>> Also called the solar activity cycle. An approximate 11-year cycle
during which the number of sunspots rises to a maximum or falls to a minimum.
core of the sun CORRECT ANSWER>>> The central part of the sun, where nuclear fusion occurs.
iron CORRECT ANSWER>>> element used in stars later in a stars life cycle; highest mass atom a star
can fuse
heliosphere CORRECT ANSWER>>> The region of space dominated by the solar wind and the Sun's
magnetic field
Periodic Table arrangement CORRECT ANSWER>>> increasing atomic number
strong nuclear force CORRECT ANSWER>>> the powerful attractive force that binds protons and
neutrons together in the nucleus
neutral CORRECT ANSWER>>> Electrons will equal the number of protons if atom is ____; neutrons
atomic number CORRECT ANSWER>>> Number of protons in the nucleus
Nitrogen-15 (atomic #7) CORRECT ANSWER>>> Has an atomic mass of 15; 7 protons; 7 electrons & 8
neutrons
atomic fingerprint CORRECT ANSWER>>> the unique line spectrum that is characteristic of a given
element and can be used for identification
chemical symbol CORRECT ANSWER>>> A one or two letter representation of an element
potential energy CORRECT ANSWER>>> Energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement
ground state CORRECT ANSWER>>> The lowest energy state of an atom
excited state CORRECT ANSWER>>> A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it
has in its ground state
atomic emission spectrum CORRECT ANSWER>>> the pattern formed when light passes through a
prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
Edwin Hubble CORRECT ANSWER>>> The U.S. Scientist who studied the motion of galaxies and
discovered that they are moving away from each other.
wavelengths CORRECT ANSWER>>> the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on
the next wave
visible light CORRECT ANSWER>>> All the bands of light which can be seen with the unaided human
eye.
microwaves CORRECT ANSWER>>> Radio waves with the shortest wavelengths and the highest
frequencies
ultraviolet radiation CORRECT ANSWER>>> Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are shorter
than visible light but longer than X-rays.
Doppler effect CORRECT ANSWER>>> The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves in
relation to an observer
galaxy CORRECT ANSWER>>> A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas
bound together by gravity
nanometers CORRECT ANSWER>>> visible light wavelengths can be measured in this unit. Billionths
of a meter. (10^9)
universe CORRECT ANSWER>>> All the matter and energy in existence, as well as the space that
contains it; everything physical in space and time
light-years CORRECT ANSWER>>> the distance that light can travel in 1 year, which is 9.46 trillion
kilometers; light takes time to travel through space
blue shift CORRECT ANSWER>>> the displacement of the spectrum to shorter wavelengths in the
light coming from distant celestial objects moving toward the observer.
red shift CORRECT ANSWER>>> A shift toward longer wavelengths of the spectral lines emitted by a
celestial object that is caused by the object moving away from the earth.
big bang theory CORRECT ANSWER>>> Cosmological model that explains the sudden development of
the universe through expansion from a hot, dense state approximately 13.7 billion years ago (bya)
cosmic background radiation CORRECT ANSWER>>> is the leftover thermal energy from the big bang.
This energy was distributed in every direction as the universe expanded; a field of microwave radiation.
