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ISA CERTIFIED ARBORIST EXAM 2025 VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
The opening and closing of _________ allow for gas exchange, and transpiration is controlled by the __________ _________. stomata and guard cells Water and dissolved essential minerals are transported within the tree in the ___________. The ____________ conducts carbohydrates. xylem, phloem The ______________ is a layer of meristematic cells located between the phloem and the xylem. Cambium The ______ ________ is formed when trunk tissue grows around branch tissues. As the branch and trunk tissues expand against each other in the branch union, the __________ ______ ________ is formed. Branch collar, branch bark ridge protects the branches and trunk of a tree from mechanical injury and desiccation. bark
Name four functions of the root system any four of the following: absorption, conduction, anchorage, storage, hormone production Water enters young roots or mycorrhizal roots, in part, by a process called _________________. Osmosis The orientation of growth in response to an external stimulus is called _____________. Two examples are ____________ and _______________________. Tropism, ant combination of the following: phototropism, geotropism CODIT stands for C________________ O________ D___________ I__________ T_____________. Compartmentalization of decay in trees Trees and upright growth and a strong, central leader are said to exhibit _________________ growth. More rounded trees, which are often broader than they are tall, have ______________ growth habits. excurrent, decurrent Roots and fungi form __________________, which are a symbiotic relationship, aiding in the uptake of water and minerals. Mycorrhizae
Family Genus Specific Epithet ____________________ are vascular plants whose seeds are covered (by an ovary). __________________ are vascular plants with "naked seeds." angiosperms, gymnosperms The term "dicotyledon (dicot)" refers to plants that have two seed leaves at germination. Grasses, banana, and palms belong to another group called __________________ and have only one seed leaf. monocotyledons (moncots) The naming of plants is called ____________________. nomenclature Name five plant characteristics used to identify trees. a. form or growth habit b. bark texture c. leaves d. flowers e. fruit f. seed
g. buds h. leaf scars i. scent Draw a twig with the following leaf arrangement: alternate, opposite, whorled Name a tree with palmately compound leaves: ____________________. Name a tree with pinnately compound leaves: _____________________. a. buckeye, horse chestnut b. ash, walnut, Kentucky coffeetree, ailanthus, honeylocust Draw a simple leaf with a lobed leaf margin. Draw a compound leaf with serrate margins on the leaflets. A compound leaf with multiple leaflets will have ________ bud(s). one Give an example of a tree species that has more than one common name: ____________________ _____________________.
a. opposite b. alternate c. whorled d. compound a. opposite Select the scientific name that is written correctly a. Quercus Rubra b. Quercus rubra c. quercus Rubra d. quercus rubra b. Quercus rubra Which genus of thee usually does not have an opposite leaf arrangement? a. Acer (maples) b. Fraxinus (ash) c. Quercus (oaks) d. Cornus (dogwoods) c. Quercus (oaks) Which conifers have needles in bundles? a. hemlocks
b. firs c. pines d. spruces c. pines The majority of the fine, absorbing roots of a tree are in the _____ and _____ horizons. O, A Driving vehicles across wet soil will __________________ the soil and destroy soil ____________ _____________. compact, pore space __________________ ____________________ is the soil property that resists changes to the pH. buffering capacity True/False - Negatively charged clay particles hold cations near their surface. True In 1 foot (0.3m) of clay soil with 4 inches (10 cm) of water in the soil, approximately how many inches of water would be available to the tree? one
A pH of 5 is ______________ times more acidic than a pH of 7. 100 The process in which ions of essential elements wash down through the soil profile and are lost is called _____________________. leaching Many essential elements are dissolved in soil water in the form of positively charged particles called __________________. cations If the soul is too ________________, iron and manganese may be in a chemical form that is unavailable to trees. alkaline The buffering capacity is the resistance of a soil to changes in the pH. Clay soil and soils high in organic matter usually have a ____________ buffering capacity. high The ____________________ is the zone of intense biological activity near the actively elongating roots. rhizosphere
The diversity of organisms living, moving and interacting in the soil of often referred to as the _________ ______________ ________. soil food web Water that drains from the macropores is called __________________________ water. Following drainage, the soil is said to be at ___________ ________________________. gravitational, field capacity True/False - Moist soil organisms cause disease or decay in tree roots. false True/False - Many tree roots exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi that assist the tree in water and mineral absorption. true Most of the fine, absorbing roots are typically found near the soil surface because roots grow where conditions are favorable Microorganisms tend to congregate in the rhizosphere, in part, because sugar exudates from root tips are a source of food
The "food factories" of trees are the _________. leaves The process of ____________ combines carbon dioxide and water in a reaction driven by light to produce sugars. _____________ is also a product of this reaction. photosynthesis, oxygen The green color of leaves is created by the presence of _________________, which is necessary for photosynthesis to take place. Chlorophyll is the loss of water vapor from the leaves. Transpiration True/False - Infrequent, deep soakings of trees and shrubs are preferable to frequent, shallow waterings. true The most beneficial times to irrigate plants are ___________ ____________ or _____________ ___________________.
late night or early morning The _____________________ rate is the rate at which water soaks into the soil. infiltration Clay soils generally have a greater _______________-_________________ __________________ than sandy soils, but water percolates through clay soils more slowly. water-holding capacity Disadvantages to sprinkler irrigation are high application rates and surface __________________ created by the water hitting the soil surface. compaction True/False - In most instances, it is preferable to minimize water irrigation directly to the foliage of plants. true Name two advantages and two disadvantages of drip irrigation. advantages:
- reduces water waste
- reduces surface compaction Disadvantages
Soil probes, _____________________, and electronic moisture sensors are used to monitor soil wetness or dryness. tensiometers True/False - Drought problems can be especially severe following periods of moderate to high soil moisture conditions. true Name three health problems associated with flooding. any three of the following: root suffocation/death, soil organisms killed, predisposition to other stress factors, root collar rot, tree prone to toppling, mineral toxicities When irrigating trees, infrequent, deep soakings are preferable to frequent, shallow waterings Sandy soils Have higher infiltration rates than clay soils A soil is at field capacity when Gravitational water has drained away
With sprinkler irrigation: Less frequent waterings of longer duration will reduce the likelihood of salt buildup, water hitting the soil surface can lead to crusting, application rates that exceed absorption can lead to runoff. In sites where poor drainage can be a problem, which of the following will NOT help ensure plant survival? placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole and backfilling with sandy soil Trees take up essential elements, dissolved in ________, through the roots water The macronutrient _____ is a constituent of chlorophyll and, if deficient, can cause reduced growth and yellowing of the foliage. nitrogen _______ are elements required by trees in relatively large quantities. macronutrients Yellowing between leaf veins is called ___________ and may be the result of mineral deficiencies chlorosis
reverse osmosis The most important factor for good uptake of fertilizer elements is adequate _________________. water True/False - Surface application of fertilizer is relatively inexpensive and makes the fertilizer available in the upper few inches (centimeters) of soil. true What is the biggest problem with deep root fertilization? fertilizer is placed below the absorbing roots Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct _____ deficiencies. micronutrient Name two limitations to trunk implants and microinjections. -limited to trees over 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter -not suited for addressing macronutrient deficiencies -resulting wounds limit ability to repeat applications
Wilting, marginal burning, and dieback may be symptoms of excess _____ _____ in the root zone. fertilizer salts _______________ is the washing out of chemicals down through the soil. leaching Fertilization recommendations should be based on ___________________ ____________________. element requirements Two of the most important levels measured in a soil analysis are the ________ and the salt levels (especially in arid regions). pH Studies now show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree's energy allocation toward growth, sometimes at the expense of ______. defense An 80-pound bag of 10-6-4 fertilizer contains how many pounds of actual nitrogen? 8
