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16 PF
Date of experiment – 02/07/ Initial of the experiment - PK
AIM
To assess personality of an individual using Raymond Cattell’s 16pf scale.
INTRODUCTION
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire(16PF) is a comprehensive measure of normal range personality found to be effective in a variety of settings where an in-depth assessment of the whole person is needed. The 16PF traits, presented in Table 7.1, are the result of years of factor-analytic research focused on discovering the basic structural elements of personality (Cattell, R.B., 1957, 1973). In addition to discovering the sixteen normal-range personality traits for which the instrument is named, these researchers identified the five broad dimensions – a variant of the ‘Big Five’ factors (Cattell, R.B., 1957,1970). From the beginning, Cattell proposed a multi-level, hierarchical structure of personality: the second-order global measures describe personality at a broader, conceptual level, while the more precise primary factors reveal the fine details and nuances that make each person unique, and are more powerful in predicting actual behavior. In addition, this factor-analytic structure includes a set of third order factors, also discussed in this chapter. Due to its scientific origins, the 16PF Questionnaire has a long history of empirical research and is embedded in a well-established theory of individual differences. This questionnaire’s extensive body of research stretches back over half a century, providing evidence of its utility in clinical, counseling, industrial-organizational, educational, and research settings (Cattell, R.B. et al., 1970; H.E.P. Cattell and Schuerger, 2003; Conn and Rieke, 1994; Krug and Johns, 1990; Russell and Karol, 2002). A conservative estimate of 16PF research since 1974 includes more than 2,000 publications (Hofer and Eber, 2002). Most studies have found the 16PF to be among the top five most commonly used normal-range instruments in both research and practice (Butcher and Rouse, 1996;Piotrowski and Zalewski, 1993; Watkins et al.,1995). The measure is
also widely used internationally, and since its inception has been adapted into over 35 languages worldwide. The history of the 16PF Questionnaire spans almost the entire history of standardized personality measurement. Instead of being developed to measure preconceived dimensions of interest to a particular author, the instrument was developed from the unique perspective of a scientific quest to try to discover the basic structural elements of personality. Raymond Cattell’s personality research was based on his strong background in the physical sciences; born in 1905, he witnessed the first-hand awe-inspiring results of science, from electricity and telephones to automobiles, airplanes, and medicine. He wanted to apply these scientific methods to the uncharted domain of human personality with the goal of discovering the basic elements of personality (much as the basic elements of the physical world were discovered and organized into the periodic table). He believed that human characteristics such as creativity, authoritarianism, altruism, or leadership skills could be predicted from these fundamental personality traits (much as water was a weighted combination of the elements of hydrogen and oxygen). For psychology to advance as a science, he felt it also needed basic measurement techniques for personality. Thus, through factor analysis – the powerful new tool for identifying underlying dimensions behind complex phenomena – Cattell believed the basic dimensions of personality could be discovered and then measured. PERSONALITY FACTOR CHARACTERISTIC A Warmth B Reasoning C Emotional stability E Dominance F liveliness G Rule-Consciousness H Social Boldness I Sensitivity L Vigilance M Abstractness N Privateness
underlying dimensions behind complex phenomena – Cattell believed the basic dimensions of personality could be discovered and then measured. Test–retest reliabilities (measuring temporal consistency or stability) are documented in the 16PF Fifth Edition Technical Manual (Conn and Rieke, 1994). For the 16PF primary scales, test–retest reliabilities average 0.80 over a two-week interval (ranging from 0.69 to 0.87), and 0.70 over a two-month interval(ranging from 0.56 to 0.79). The five global scales of the 16PF Questionnaire show even higher test–retest reliabilities (they have more items) ; they average 0.87 for a two week interval (ranging from 0.84 to 0.91), and 0.78 for a two-month interval (ranging from 0. to 0.82).International 16PF editions also show strong test–retest reliabilities. For example, two- week test–retest reliabilities for the Norwegian edition average 0.80 for primary scales and 0. for global scales (IPAT, 2004b); for the German edition, primary scale reliabilities average 0. over a one month interval (Schneewind and Graf, 1998); for the Danish edition, primary scale reliabilities average 0.86 over a two-week interval (IPAT, 2004c); and for the French edition, one-month reliabilities average 0.7 (IPAT, 1995).
ADMINISTRATION
Administration of the test takes about 35–50 minutes for the paper-and-pencil version and about 30 minutes by computer. The test instructions are simple and straightforward and the test is un- timed; thus, the test is generally self-administrable and can be used in either an individual or a group setting. The 16PF test was designed for adults at least age 16 and older, but there are also parallel tests for various younger age ranges (e.g., the 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire). The 16PF Questionnaire has been translated into more than 30 languages and dialects. Thus the test can be administered in different languages, scored based on either local, national, or international normative samples, and computerized interpretive reports provided in about 23 different languages. The test has generally been culturally adapted (rather than just translated) in these countries, with local standardization samples plus reliability and validity information collected locally and presented in individual manuals.
SCORING
The test can be hand-scored using a set of scoring keys, or computer-scored by mailing-in or faxing-in the answer sheet to the publisher IPAT. There is also a software system that can be used to administer, score, and provide reports on the test results directly in the professional's office; and an Internet-based system that can also provide administration, scoring, and reports in a range of different languages. After the test has been administered there is a total score computed from each of the 16 personality factors. These totals have been created in a way to correlate to the sten scale.[28] Scores on the 16PF are presented on a 10-point scale, or standard-ten scale. The sten scale has a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2, with scores below 4 considered low and scores above 7 considered high.[29] The sten scales are bipolar, meaning that each end of the scale has a distinct definition and meaning. Because bipolar scales are designated with "high" or "low" for each factor, a high score should not be considered to reflect a positive personality characteristic and a low score should not be considered to reflect a negative personality characteristic.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
PRELIMINARIES (Subject details)
NAME – PK
AGE – 19
GENDER - Female EDUCTAION – 12th^ standard DATE – 02/07/ A B C E F G H I L M N O Q1 Q2 Q3 Q Raw score 7 8 9 4 6 9 8 3 7 7 8 9 5 8 9 6 Sten score 2 3 4 2 2 3 5 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 INDIVIDUAL DATA TABLE
FACTOR G - Expedient , Disregards Rules ,Self-indulgent. People who score low on factor G tend to be un steady in purpose. They are often casual and lacking in effort for group undertaking and cultural demands, Their freedom from group influence may lead to antisocial acts , but at times makes them more effective , while their refusal to be bound by rules causes them to have less somatic upset from stress. FACTOR H – Sky, Threat-sensitive , Timid , Hesitant Intimidated Individual who scores low on this trait tend to by shy, withdrawing , cautious , retiring , “wallflower.” They usually have inferiority feeling and tend to be slow and impeded in speech and tend to be slow and impeded in speech and in expressing themselves. They dislikes occupations with persons contacts , prefer one or two close friends to large groups , and are not given to keeping in contact with all that is going on around them. FACTOR I - Thought – minded , Self – reliant , No-nonsense , Rough , Realistic People who scores low on Factor I tend to be tough, realistic,” down to earth”, independent , responsible , but skeptical of subjective , cultural elaboration. They are some times unmoved , hard , cynical , and smug. They tend to keep a group operating on a practical and realistic “no- nonsense” basis. FACTOR L - Trusting , Accepting Conditions , Easy to Get on with The person who scores low on Factor L tends to be free of jealous tendencies , adaptable , cheerful , uncompetitive , concerned about others , a good team worker. They are open and tolerant and usually willing to take chance with people. FACTOR M - Practical , Concerned with “Down to Earth ” Issues , Steady Low scorers on Factor M tend to be anxious to do right things , attentive to practical matters , and subject to the dictation of what is obviously possible. They are concerned over detail , able to keep their heads in emergencies , but are sometimes unimaginative. In short , they are responsive to the outer , rather than the inner , world. FACTOR N - Forthright , Unpretentious , Open Genuine , Artless
Individuals who score low on Factor N have a lot of natural warmth and a genuine liking for people. They are uncomplicated , sentimental , and unvarnished in their approach to people. FACTOR O - Self-assured , Secure , Feels Free of Guilt , Untroubled , Self-satisfied Persons with low scores on Factor O tend to be unruffled and to have unshakable nerve. They have a mature unanxious confidence to deal with things. They can however , be secure to the point , of being insensitive to the feedback of others. FACTOR Q1 - Conservative , Respecting Traditional Ideas Low Scorers on Factor Q1 are confident in what they have been taught to believe , and acceot the “tried and true .” even when something else might be better. They are cautious and compromising in regard to new ideas. Thus , they tend to oppose and postpone change , are inclined to go along with tradition , are more conservative in religion and politics and tend not to be interested in analytical “ intellectual” thought. FACTOR Q2 - Group-oriented , A “Joiner” and Sound Follower , Listens to Others Individuals who score low on Factor Q2 prefer to work and make decisions with other people and like and depend on social approval and admiration. They tend to go along with group and may be lacking in individual resolution. They are not necessarily gregarious by choice ; rather they might need group support. FACTOR Q3 - Undisciplined self-conflict , Lax , Careless of Social Rules People who score low on Factor Q3 will not be bothered with will control and have little regard for social demands. They are impetuous and not overly considerate careful , or painstaking. They may feel maladjusted , and many maladjustments show Q3. FACTOR Q4 - Relaxed , Transquil , Composed , Has Low Drive , Unfrustrated Individuals who score low on Factor Q4 tend to be sedate , relaxed composed , and satisfied. In some situation , their over satisfaction can lead to laziness and low performance , in the sense that low motivation produces little trail and error. Therefore , these all are the characteristics of 16 PF for low scored participants.
