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Kin 223|398 final Questions With
Solutions
What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?a: Dura materb: Pia materc: Arachnoid mater - ✔ ✔ a, c, b What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds - ✔ ✔ b, a, c, d, e What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity? - ✔ ✔ Endosteum What is the inner, gelatinous region of each intervertebral disc called? - ✔ ✔ nucleus pulposus What is the letter associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere? - ✔ ✔ A What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS? - ✔ ✔ astrocyte What is the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from the oxidation of a glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions? - ✔ ✔ 2 What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)? - ✔ ✔ Oligodendrocytes What type of contraction is represented by each of the following events? - ✔ ✔ Isometric Contraction
- a weightlifter attempts to lift a barbell but cannot because it is too heavy
- tension is building but muscle length does not change
- a man hold open a door for his date
isotonic contraction
- all the rest When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called - ✔ ✔ phagocytosis When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change. - ✔ ✔ does not When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron, - ✔ ✔ calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis. When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of - ✔ ✔ responsiveness When atoms of elements on the left side of the periodic table ionize, they tend to - ✔ ✔ lose electrons and therefore become cations. An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has - ✔ ✔ lost or gained an electron Another name for the intracellular fluid is - ✔ ✔ cytosol Apocrine glands produce their secretion by exocytosis. - ✔ ✔ true As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in, - ✔ ✔ osteoblasts become osteocytes. Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber. - ✔ ✔ fast glycolytic:
- high glycogen content
- easily fatigued
- fast ATPase activity
- anaerobic
slow oxidation
- all the rest Association tracts - ✔ ✔ connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere At the ends of muscles, the connective tissues merge to form a __________, which attaches the muscle to other structures. - ✔ ✔ tendon Based on its range of motion, the elbow is classified as a(n) __________ joint. - ✔ ✔ uniaxial
Classify the following images of bone into the correct category they represent. - ✔ ✔ picture
20 Classify the formulas as being examples of either molecular formulas or structural formulas. - ✔ ✔ picture Classify the muscle actions based on whether they are acting as an agonist, antagonist, or synergist. - ✔ ✔ antagonist
- the triceps brachia is stretched as you flex your forearm at the elbow
synergist -the biceps brachia and brachioradialis contract to flex your forearm at the elbow
agonist
- the triceps brachia contracts to extend the forearm Classify the type of pennate muscle with its description. Not all labels will be used. - ✔ ✔ unipennate -all of the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
bipennate -muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon
multipennate -branches of the tendon are within the muscle Click and drag the correct terms to complete the following sentences. - ✔ ✔ picture Compact bone - ✔ ✔ is composed of tubular units called osteons. Compared to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers respond to a stimulus with less delay and with a shorter contraction duration. - ✔ ✔ true
Complete each of the sentences with the correct word or words regarding the function and structure of nails. Not all terms will be used. - ✔ ✔ picture Complete each sentence with the correct word to describe the octet rule. Not all terms will be used. - ✔ ✔ picture Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by - ✔ ✔ recruiting a different number of motor units. Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along - ✔ ✔ unmeymlinated axons Correctly identify and label the dermatome(s) represented by the statement(s) associated with them. - ✔ ✔ picture 72 Correctly identify the bones and anatomical features of the bones of the skull. - ✔ ✔ picture
45 Correctly label the following anatomical features of the surface of the brain. - ✔ ✔ picture, 45 Correctly label the following anatomical parts of a flat bone. - ✔ ✔ picture
23 Correctly label the following anatomical parts of the mandible. - ✔ ✔ picture
50 Correctly label the following areas on a slide of neuronal tissue. - ✔ ✔ picture
73 Correctly label the following meninges and associated structures. - ✔ ✔ picture 51 Correctly label the structures and areas associated with a neuron at rest. - ✔ ✔ picture, 19 Crural muscles are those that move the - ✔ ✔ ankle, foot, and toes
Generally, a chemical buffer is described as - ✔ ✔ a weak acid and weak base that help prevent big changes in pH. Glycogen is a polymer of ______ molecules. - ✔ ✔ glucose Glycolipids are found on the - ✔ ✔ outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface. Glycolysis is an - ✔ ✔ anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol. Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called - ✔ ✔ tissues Hemoglobin in blood, collagen in tendons, and enzymes in the digestive system are all examples of - ✔ ✔ proteins Hold your arm out so that it is completely extended. The triceps brachii is causing the extension, so it is acting as what? - ✔ ✔ agonist Homeostasis is best described as - ✔ ✔ the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment. How many ATP are produced using the energy from each NADH? - ✔ ✔ 3 How many osmoles are in a solution of 1M NaOH? - ✔ ✔ 2 Osm How many osmoles are present in a solution of 1 M MgCl2? - ✔ ✔ 3 osm Identify the cerebral lobes on the left side of the figure. Label the additional cerebral structures on the right side of the figure. - ✔ ✔ picture, 46 Identify the components of the brainstem - ✔ ✔ picture 48 Identify the cranial bones in the figure. Not every answer will be used. - ✔ ✔ picture
48 Identify the organelle that provides enzymes for autolysis. - ✔ ✔ lysosomes Identify the plasma membrane proteins in the figure. - ✔ ✔ picture
63 Identify the relationship between glucose and glycogen in the figure. - ✔ ✔ picture
Identify which type of movement is occurring in each figure. - ✔ ✔ picture
76 If a joint moves in all three planes of space, it is classified as - ✔ ✔ multiaxial If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to - ✔ ✔ a spinal nerve. If oxygen levels drop such that glucose metabolism becomes primarily anaerobic, then the amount of ATP produced per glucose molecule will - ✔ ✔ decrease to much less than half of what it was. If the sequence of DNA nucleotides being read is TTACTG, then transcription results in the formation of the sequence - ✔ ✔ AAUGAC. If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing? - ✔ ✔ regulation If you move your head in such a way to look up at the ceiling, you are _________ your neck. - ✔ ✔ hyperextending If you severely injured your adductor pollicis, which movement might be affected? - ✔ ✔ adduction of the thumb If you were to remove the gastrocnemius muscle, you would expose the - ✔ ✔ soleus In a first-class lever - ✔ ✔ the fulcrum is in the middle, between the effort and the resistance. In a lab setting, heating a vessel full of reactants will generally - ✔ ✔ increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and increase the reaction rate. In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the - ✔ ✔ radius of forearm. In anatomic position, the radius lies _____ to the ulna. - ✔ ✔ lateral In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of - ✔ ✔ protein fibers and ground substance. In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by - ✔ ✔ dense regular connective tissue. In human brain anatomy, the term ______ is synonymous with anterior. - ✔ ✔ rostral In humans, the only cell that bears a flagellum is the ________ cell. - ✔ ✔ sperm
Label the image using the correct directional terms. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the muscles in a lateral view of the leg. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the muscles of respiration. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the muscles of the abdominal wall in the figure. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint in the figure. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the parts of the atom. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the parts of the nucleus. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the posterior thoracic muscles in the figure. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the spinal cord meninges and spaces. - ✔ ✔ picture 70 Label the structures of a long bone. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the structures of a skeletal muscle fiber. - ✔ ✔ picture Label the structures of the spinal cord. - ✔ ✔ picture 76 Label the surface features of the distal end of the femur. - ✔ ✔ picture Lateral rotation is also known as external rotation. - ✔ ✔ true Lateral to the umbilical abdominopelvic region are the _____ regions. - ✔ ✔ Lumbar Lifting weights will cause muscles to enlarge. This is primarily due to - ✔ ✔ an increase in the size of muscle cells. Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates? - ✔ ✔ collagen Lipids - ✔ ✔ are a major component of the cell membrane. Many of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm work to _______ the wrist, and they have their proximal attachment on the _______ epicondyle of the humerus. - ✔ ✔ flex, medial Match each structure with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it. - ✔ ✔ - epimysium: muscle
- perimysium: fascicle endomysium: muscle cell
Match the component of a cell with its description. - ✔ ✔ cytoplasm: Contains the cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
plasma membrane: Forms the outer barrier of the cell
nucleus: The cell's control center Match the type of reflex with its description. - ✔ ✔ The simplest reflex; muscles contract in response to a stretch; Stretch reflex
Prevents contracting muscles from applying tension to tendons; Golgi tendon reflex
Removes a body part from a painful stimulus; Withdrawal reflex
Response to a withdrawal reflex; causes extension of the opposite limb; Crossed-extensor reflex Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by - ✔ ✔ osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid. Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basale keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation. Group starts - ✔ ✔ true Most commonly, a synapse is made between a - ✔ ✔ presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite. Most of total sleep time is spent in ______ sleep. - ✔ ✔ non-REM A _____________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells attached directly to a basement membrane. - ✔ ✔ simple squamous A bipolar neuron has - ✔ ✔ one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body. A brain lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex will likely result in the - ✔ ✔ loss of awareness on the opposite side of the body.
Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging? - ✔ ✔ The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness. One of the most crucial factors in the development of fatigue appears to be a depletion of ATP. - ✔ ✔ false One turn of the citric acid cycle results in the formation of - ✔ ✔ 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. Osmosis is the diffusion of - ✔ ✔ water across a membrane Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol - ✔ ✔ stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood. Place each of the terms or statements in the proper category to identify the proper stage of mitosis. - ✔ ✔ picture Place the events that occur during wound healing into the correct order, using the images as a guide. - ✔ ✔ picture Place the following terms or examples with the correct category. - ✔ ✔ picture Place the following terms or examples within the correct category. - ✔ ✔ picture Place the products of cellular respiration with the stage in which they were produced. Some labels will be used more than once. - ✔ ✔ picture Plasma is - ✔ ✔ a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins. Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate. - ✔ ✔ vitamin D Put the organ labels into the correct body cavity category. - ✔ ✔ picture Rami, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as - ✔ ✔ attachments for ligaments or tendons. Reactions that release energy are called - ✔ ✔ exergonic reactions RNA is - ✔ ✔ single-stranded and contains uracil. Saturation occurs when - ✔ ✔ all enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate. Select the way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis. - ✔ ✔ temperature regulation Sensory information from a painful stimulus on the skin will be received by the - ✔ ✔ primary somatosensory cortex.
Smooth muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction both involve thin filaments sliding over the thick filaments. - ✔ ✔ true Structurally, a syndesmosis is a _________ joint; functionally, it is a __________. - ✔ ✔ fibrous; amphiarthrosis Suppose that you were involved in an automobile accident and suffered a back injury. When examined by your physician you are told that you have a slipped disc in the lower back. What type of tissue is involved? - ✔ ✔ Fibrocartilage Symphyses can be found in the - ✔ ✔ intervertebral joints. Synovial fluid is found - ✔ ✔ within the synovial cavity. The ________ joint is the simplest synovial joint and also the least mobile synovial joint. - ✔ ✔ plane The ________ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pharynx muscles. - ✔ ✔ XI (accessory) The __________ muscles of the foot attach proximally and distally within the foot. - ✔ ✔ intrinsic The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. - ✔ ✔ sensory; motor The abdominal muscle that extends vertically the entire length of the anteromedial abdominal wall and forms the traditional "six pack" is the - ✔ ✔ rectus abdominis The ability of muscle cells to shorten is called _______, a property that allows muscle cells to cause body movement. - ✔ ✔ contractility The acromioclavicular joint is part of the - ✔ ✔ shoulder The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs - ✔ ✔ along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules. The anatomic term for the cheek is - ✔ ✔ buccal The anterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the - ✔ ✔ anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs. The bones of the antebrachium are the - ✔ ✔ radius and ulna. The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a ________fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is ________. - ✔ ✔ pathologic; compound
The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the - ✔ ✔ latticework structure of spongy bone. The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a - ✔ ✔ syndesmosis The joint movement called eversion involves - ✔ ✔ turning the sole of the foot laterally. The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the - ✔ ✔ distal epiphysis. The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the - ✔ ✔ cerebrum The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the - ✔ ✔ medial and lateral condyles of the femur. The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the - ✔ ✔ sarcoplasmic reticulum The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the - ✔ ✔ pia mater The molecular formula for bicarbonate ion is HCO3-. It is therefore a - ✔ ✔ polyatomic anion The most abundant form of smooth muscle is - ✔ ✔ single-unit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle. The most common type of cartilage, named for its glassy appearance, is - ✔ ✔ hyaline cartilage The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the _____ nerve.
- ✔ ✔ femoral The nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the - ✔ ✔ cauda equina. The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called - ✔ ✔ effectors The neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called - ✔ ✔ lower motor neurons. The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons. - ✔ ✔ motor The optimal pH range for most human enzymes is - ✔ ✔ 6- The optimum temperature for most enzymes is around body temperature. If the body temperature is slightly elevated, what effect will this have on enzymatic reactions? - ✔ ✔ increased reaction rates The outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the - ✔ ✔ parietal pleura
The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the - ✔ ✔ hippocampus The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is - ✔ ✔ anaphase The pigment melanin is a(n) - ✔ ✔ inclusion The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus. - ✔ ✔ brachial The popliteal region is best seen from a(n) ________ view. - ✔ ✔ posterior The presence of an enzyme within a chemical system - ✔ ✔ decreases activation energy The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______. - ✔ ✔ taste, insula The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the - ✔ ✔ precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is - ✔ ✔ secretion of substances for chemical digestion. The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum. - ✔ ✔ true The pubic symphysis is classified as a - ✔ ✔ cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis. The release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of - ✔ ✔ exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP. The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of - ✔ ✔ dense irregular connective tissue. The rhomboid muscle is named for its - ✔ ✔ shape The sagittal suture joins the - ✔ ✔ left and right parietal bones The sciatic nerve arises from which nerve plexus? - ✔ ✔ sacral The scientific discipline that studies the functions of body structures is - ✔ ✔ physiology The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the - ✔ ✔ epiphysis The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex. - ✔ ✔ monosynaptic The skull consists of _____ cranial bones and _____ facial bones. - ✔ ✔ 8, 14 The sleep-wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the - ✔ ✔ hypothalamus
The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are - ✔ ✔ smooth The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle. - ✔ ✔ skeletal The type of muscles in which the fascicles are at an oblique angle to the tendon and the muscle fibers resemble a large feather is called - ✔ ✔ pennate The type of neuronal circuit that ensures that we continue to breathe while asleep is a _____________ circuit. - ✔ ✔ reverberating The type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _____________ circuit. - ✔ ✔ diverging The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a - ✔ ✔ channel The uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is _______, whereas the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and the release of its contents outside of the cell is called __________. - ✔ ✔ endocytosis; exocytosis The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called - ✔ ✔ metabolism The vascular supply to slow-twitch muscle fibers is ______ the network of capillaries around fast-twitch muscle fibers. - ✔ ✔ more extensive than The vertebral processes that are most easily palpated along the midline of the back are the _____ processes. - ✔ ✔ spinous The word "anatomy" comes from - ✔ ✔ Greek and means "to cut apart" There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they? - ✔ ✔ Chemical and electrical Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector? - ✔ ✔ skeletal muscles Thick skin contains - ✔ ✔ five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands. This figure shows a lateral view of the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 1 indicate? - ✔ ✔ masseter, picture This figure shows a posterior view of the right thigh. What muscle does number 2 indicate? - ✔ ✔ semitendinosus
This figure shows the knee joint. Which number indicates the tibial collateral ligament? - ✔ ✔ 3 This figure shows the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 1 indicate? - ✔ ✔ platysma This figure shows the muscles of the abdominal wall. What muscle or feature does number 2 indicate? - ✔ ✔ rectus abdominis This figure shows the muscles of the anterior neck. What muscle does number 3 indicate? - ✔ ✔ sternocleidomastoid This figure shows the muscles of the anterior trunk. What muscle does number 1 indicate? - ✔ ✔ pectoralis major This figure shows the muscles of the posterior trunk. What muscle does number 1 indicate? - ✔ ✔ trapezius This muscle has its inferior attachment on the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle and its superior attachment on the mastoid process. - ✔ ✔ sternocleidomastoid This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements. - ✔ ✔ cerebellum This type of muscle lacks striations and is found in the walls of most viscera such as the stomach and blood vessels. - ✔ ✔ smooth To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed ________ to lines of cleavage. - ✔ ✔ parallel Water can cross cell membranes only by way of channel-mediated diffusion. - ✔ ✔ false water has - ✔ ✔ high specific heat, and this tends to keep body temperature relatively constant. What feature of your ear accounts for its ability to regain its shape after it has been deformed or compressed? - ✔ ✔ The elastic fibers present in the ear's cartilage What gives bone its flexibility? - ✔ ✔ Collagen fibers What is a likely result of damage to the phrenic nerve? - ✔ ✔ Loss of motor control of the thoracic diaphgram. What is a retinaculum? - ✔ ✔ A thickened fibrous band of fascia What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle? - ✔ ✔ flexion of forearm What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle on the knee joint/leg? - ✔ ✔ flexion of leg
