Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Marine Protists: Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Mastigophora, Apicomplexa, and Diatoms - Pr, Papers of Biology

Motlow State Community CollegeBiology
Prof. Robert E. Reeder

An overview of various marine protists, including foraminiferans with their calcareous shells and oil deposit potential, radiolarians with their siliceous exoskeletons, and different phyla such as mastigophora, apicomplexa, and diatoms. Diatoms are significant producers in the aquatic food chain and form diatomaceous earth.

Typology: Papers

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/16/2009

koofers-user-fgl-1
koofers-user-fgl-1 🇺🇸

10 documents

1 / 6

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
biol1110_kingdom_protista_taxonomy 11/27/06
BIOL 1110 REEDER
KINGDOM PROTISTA TAXONOMY
I. Protozoan Protistans
A. Phylum Sarcodina (ameboids)
1. Move by ameboid movement and engulf (phagocytize) prey with pseudopodia or are
flagellated
2. Sarcodine (Rhizopoda) ameboid freshwater species, Amoeba proteus; also, Entamoeba
histolytica is the causative organism of amoebic dysentery; others can inhabit seawater or
soil
a. Contractile vacuole
b. Marine forms with shells of calcium carbonate or silica
1) Foraminiferans: inhabit warm ocean waters of the world; secretes an elaborate
chalky, calcareous, snail-like (CaCO3) shell with thousands of holes by which long,
thin, threadlike pseudopodia can pass; their remains (shells) sink to the bottom and
form limestone or chalk; the famous white cliffs of Dover in England; oil deposits are
potentially indicated by their fossilized remains.
2) Radiolarians: exclusively marine; have silicious exoskeletons in very intricate forms,
through which extend stiff radiating spines; oldest known group of animal like
organisms; compressed through time into siliceous, sedimentary rock
3) Accumulated shells of both types are a primary component of many ocean sediments
B. Phylum Mastigophora (flagellates): The zoo flagellates are primarily free-living, flagellated,
and have a single central nucleus with some ameboid capability; utilizes phagocytosis, while
others have an oral groove (mouth) or a cytopharynx; pathogenic forms include Trichomonas,
Giardia, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania.
1. Trypanosome group: Trypanosoma: parasite that develops in the salivary glands of the tsetse
fly (vector) and then infects new host by biting (cattle, humans) leading to African sleeping
sickness; parasite then inhabits blood of the host.
2. Trichosome group: worldwide nuisance in humans transferred via sexual intercourse;
primarily parasitizes mucosa of the vagina
3. Giardia : contaminant to the water supply resulting in diarrhea
4. Leishmania: sand fly vector resulting in cutaneous and visceral infection; Gulf War
C. Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates):
1. Compared to other protists, the ciliates are the most complex and highly organized due to
extensive organelle specialization
2. Locomotion by cilia that either is all over the body or is in specialized areas of the cell
surface; cilia around mouth region function for nutrition
3. Pellicle of the body wall and numerous trichocysts: threadlike organelles that can be
discharged to the outside; some have barbed tips, and some eject poison in the following
functions: anchorage, defense, or prey capture.
4. Digestion involves formation of a food vacuole with lysosomes assisting breakdown
5. Contractile vacuole: one located at each end of organism for osmoregulation
6. At least two nuclei:
a. Macronucleus: cell growth and metabolism
b. Micronucleus: sexual reproduction and heredity
7. Examples: Paramecium, Vorticella, Stentor; parasitic Balantidium coli (diarrhea)
D. Phylum Apicomplexa (sporozoans):
1. All members are parasites with complicated life histories found infecting nearly all the major
groups of the animal kingdom; primarily utilize insect vectors and one to two hosts
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Marine Protists: Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Mastigophora, Apicomplexa, and Diatoms - Pr and more Papers Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOL 1110 REEDER

KINGDOM PROTISTA TAXONOMY

I. Protozoan Protistans A. Phylum Sarcodina (ameboids)

  1. Move by ameboid movement and engulf (phagocytize) prey with pseudopodia or are flagellated
  2. Sarcodine (Rhizopoda) ameboid freshwater species, Amoeba proteus; also, Entamoeba histolytica is the causative organism of amoebic dysentery; others can inhabit seawater or soil a. Contractile vacuole b. Marine forms with shells of calcium carbonate or silica 1) Foraminiferans: inhabit warm ocean waters of the world; secretes an elaborate chalky, calcareous, snail-like (CaCO 3 ) shell with thousands of holes by which long, thin, threadlike pseudopodia can pass; their remains (shells) sink to the bottom and form limestone or chalk; the famous white cliffs of Dover in England; oil deposits are potentially indicated by their fossilized remains. 2) Radiolarians: exclusively marine; have silicious exoskeletons in very intricate forms, through which extend stiff radiating spines; oldest known group of animal like organisms; compressed through time into siliceous, sedimentary rock 3) Accumulated shells of both types are a primary component of many ocean sediments B. Phylum Mastigophora (flagellates): The zoo flagellates are primarily free-living, flagellated, and have a single central nucleus with some ameboid capability; utilizes phagocytosis, while others have an oral groove (mouth) or a cytopharynx; pathogenic forms include Trichomonas, Giardia, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania.
  3. Trypanosome group: Trypanosoma: parasite that develops in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly (vector) and then infects new host by biting (cattle, humans) leading to African sleeping sickness; parasite then inhabits blood of the host.
  4. Trichosome group: worldwide nuisance in humans transferred via sexual intercourse; primarily parasitizes mucosa of the vagina
  5. Giardia : contaminant to the water supply resulting in diarrhea
  6. Leishmania: sand fly vector resulting in cutaneous and visceral infection; Gulf War C. Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates):
  7. Compared to other protists, the ciliates are the most complex and highly organized due to extensive organelle specialization
  8. Locomotion by cilia that either is all over the body or is in specialized areas of the cell surface; cilia around mouth region function for nutrition
  9. Pellicle of the body wall and numerous trichocysts: threadlike organelles that can be discharged to the outside; some have barbed tips, and some eject poison in the following functions: anchorage, defense, or prey capture.
  10. Digestion involves formation of a food vacuole with lysosomes assisting breakdown
  11. Contractile vacuole: one located at each end of organism for osmoregulation
  12. At least two nuclei: a. Macronucleus: cell growth and metabolism b. Micronucleus: sexual reproduction and heredity
  13. Examples: Paramecium, Vorticella, Stentor; parasitic Balantidium coli (diarrhea) D. Phylum Apicomplexa (sporozoans):
  14. All members are parasites with complicated life histories found infecting nearly all the major groups of the animal kingdom; primarily utilize insect vectors and one to two hosts
  1. Have neither organelles for locomotion nor contractile vacuoles
  2. At some state many develop a resistant spore, which is infective for the next host.
  3. Plasmodium causes four kinds of malaria; vector is the female Anopheles mosquito (male mosquitoes cannot infect because they lack mouth parts for piercing skin and sucking blood); inhabit the blood of animal hosts (birds mostly, and in humans).
  4. Toxoplasma: ingestion of undercooked meat (lamb, pork); sheep & hogs graze from area contaminated with cat feces; spreads from intestines to the brain, liver, and eyes; 1% of cats shed cysts; opportunist in AIDS.

II. Algal Protistans A. Division Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)

  1. Encased in stiff cellulose plates with distinct grooves; motile with two flagella; most are unicellular with a few colonial forms
  2. One groove circles the cell body and provides a channel for the movement of a ribbon-like flagellum, while another groove runs perpendicular to the first providing another flagellated channel: resulting spinning motion
    1. Most are photosynthetic contributing to the phytoplankton of aquatic areas (marine and FW); chlorophylls and carotenoids (yellow, red, and brown colors)
  1. Population explosions of red dinoflagellates result in the "red tides" which can be lethal to feeding fish because of a neurotoxin or to humans that ingest clams, oysters, and mussels that have accumulated the neurotoxin in their tissue; can result in air pollution problems which is not fully understood.
  2. Many are endosymbionts residing in marine invertebrates such as jellyfish, corals, and mollusks.
  3. Example: Ceratium B. Division Chrysophyta
  4. Most are unicellular (diatoms) with a few colonial types
  5. Cell walls composed of glass-like silica with two halves that overlap where they fit together
  6. Intricate patterns of ridges, lines, and pores
  7. Major representatives are the diatoms: a. Common in freshwater and ocean waters
  • b. Most are photosynthetic and significant to the aquatic food chain (producers) as phytoplankton c. Pigment composition of chlorophylls and carotenoids results in a yellow or brown color d. Food reserves stored as oils or carbohydrates e. Diatom's silica shells accumulate over time forming diatomaceous earth (used as an abrasive such as in silver polishes and toothpaste; used in filtering materials, insulating materials, or sand proofing material). C. Division Euglenophyta
  1. Named after familiar genus Euglena; 800 known species of which all are unicellular flagellates (2 flagella: one long whip-like with the other short and non-protruding).
  2. Most live in freshwater; ponds or puddles especially abundant in polluted habitats
  3. May have one or more flagella for locomotion and are autotrophic
  4. Lacks a cell wall, but has a thin, transparent, elastic membrane beneath the cell membrane that may be striated (called a pellicle)
  5. Has chloroplasts with pyrenoids (store glucose as starch) for photosynthesis and a gullet for ingesting food.
  6. Contractile vacuole for osmoregulation
  7. Euglena

E. Division Rhodophyta (red algae: approx. 4,000 sp.)

  1. Smaller and more delicate bodies than the brown algae; some seaweed species a meter long.
  2. A few are unicellular types, but most are multicellular filamentous forms of flattened sheets attached to rocks or other substrates by a rootlike holdfast.
  3. Unique among the eukaryotes in having the red pigment, phycoerythrine, and a blue pigment, phycocyanin, in addition to the chlorophylls;
  4. Storage product is floridean starch (similiar to glycogen)
  5. Occur in splash zone of the shore, as well as depths of 100 meters* (photosynthesis can occur particularly due to phycoerythrin)
  6. Coralline red algae extract calcium and deposit it in their bodies as calcium carbonate: they are significant in the formation of coral atolls with the coral animals
  7. Importance to humans: a. Food source b. Agar: base for nutrient media in lab culture of microorganisms: Gelidium sp. c. Carrageenan: used in puddings, candies, ice cream, brewing beer and preparation of chocolate milk as a thickening agent as well as a stabilizer, moisturizer, and emulsifier. d. Antibiotic properties and antiviral (herpes) e. Used in molecular biology for chromatographic, electrophoretic, & immunological studies
  8. No flagellated motile cell in their life cycle a. Sexual red algae are oogamous with immotile sperm and specialized, egg-like structures
  9. Example: Polysiphonia F. Division Phaeophyta (brown algae: approx. 1,500 sp.)
  10. Contains the largest and most complex algae (giant kelps: may be 100 meters long)
  11. All are multicellular with no unicellular or colonial forms
  12. Particularly inhabit cool, shallow waters along the seacoast in temperate and subpolar areas although can be found in all seas
  13. Most are attached to a solid substratum (rock, etc.)
  14. Show adaptations to life aong the coast (example of tissue differentiation of Fucus) or intertidal zones. a. Pounded by the surf, then left high and dry when the tide goes out
  1. One end is a holdfast (attach to substrate)
  2. Have gas-filled air bladders (CO) to buoy up the free ends for sunlight when the tide is in
  3. Covered with gelatinous material which reduces evaporation and keeps plant from drying out
  4. Leaf-like blades and stem-like stipes
  1. Provide food and habitat for bottom dwelling organisms; surface attachment for other algae
  2. Golden-brown carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin (xanthophyll) masks the chlorophyll present; results in colors light golden to dark brown or black
  3. Stores food as laminarin (a polysaccharide)
  4. Commercial uses to man: a) Food in oriental countries: kelps eaten in soups with fish & meat b) Colloidal carbohydrate known as algin is derived from the cell walls (gives plants their rubberlike elastic characteristics); used to gel and thicken mixtures
  1. Ice cream: use less cream, maintains smooth texture and prevents formation of ice crystals; marshmallows
  2. Making candy, toothpaste, cosmetics, and dentistry (dental impressions) c) Medicine for reducing blood pressure, treat arteriosclerosis, and anticoagulant.

d) Smoothness & coatings on paper stock e) in textiles, used to thicken fiber-reactive dye pastes which facilitates sharpness in printed lines & conserves dyes. f) chalky pills are coated with alginates to pass more easily from mouth to stomach.

  1. Fucus and Sargassum show gametic type of life cycle (flagellates zoospores and gametes) G. Sexual vs. Vegetative (asexual) Reproduction in the Complex, Multicellular Algae Forms
  2. Sexual: in algae a. Initiated by unfavorable environmental conditions b. Results in recombination of genetic material c. The offspring differ from one another more than the offspring of vegetative reproduction = results in individuals with better survival capabilities d. Following sexual reproduction, the diploid zygote formed by the fusion of gametes may enter dormancy (zygospore, 2n) if unfavorable conditions are present (form resistant wall to protect from drying and freezing); when conditions improve, the dormant zygote (zygospore) can either; (a) germinate utilizing mitosis, to form a new sporophyte (Sporic Ulva), or (b) undergo meiosis to produce the first cells (meiospores) leading to the independent, haploid individual (zygotic, most algae)
  3. Vegetative (asexual) in algae: as long as conditions remain favorable; maintains a favorable combination of genes a. Vegetative cells of filament (or sporophyte as Ulva) divide by mitosis to produce flagellated zoospores, which can swim off, eventually settle down, and then produce a new haploid plant filament; zoospores are larger with more flagella than isogametes
  4. Two possible ways in which zoospores are produced: a. Meiotically from the zygote (2n to n meiospores or zoospores if flagellated) b. Mitotically from vegetative cells of the gametophyte or haploid individual (n to n mitospores or zoospores if flagellated).

III. Fungal-like Protista A. Division Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds) (Gymnocota)

  1. Have a characteristic mobile, amoeba-like, feeding stage (vegetative) called a plasmodium a. Represents a naked mass of protoplasm with many diploid nuclei, but it is not divided into separate cells; often brightly colored b. Its shape varies as it grows and moves engulfing its food instead of absorbing like true fungi c. Its cytoplasm streams over damp, decaying logs and leaf like litter ingesting bacteria, yeasts and decaying organic matter
  2. When environmental conditions turn unfavorable (food, moisture, etc.) the plasmodium initiates reproduction forming sporangia (fungus-like fruiting body for spores) with cell walls of cellulose and/or chitin forming around each nucleus a. Sporangium meiotically forms haploid spores which are highly resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions b. The haploid spore can form motile, flagellated isogametes c. Union of the gametes results in a motile, diploid zygote which eventually loses its flagella to become an amoeboid, multinucleate plasmodium B. Division Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds) (Gymnocota)
  3. Have much closer affinites with the amoebas although a superficial resemblance to some molds
  4. Amoeba-like feeding stage exists as separate, solitary, uninucleate myxamoebas (haploid).