Lab Two: DNA, Protein, Biotechnology, and Human Health
- Tendons & ligaments make up mass of cells
- Enzymes cause the “breaking down” of food = FUEL
- The job of a protein depends on its’ shapes and structures.
Levels of Protein Structure
- Primary: Long chain of atoms. Amino Acids = a polypeptide strand
- Secondary: A primary strand that curls around itself
-Secondary(2): A pleated sheet of linked H-bonds- a ribbon structure
- Tertiary: Spherical molecule maintained by intramolar bonds
- Quarternary: 4 polypeptide chains- a hemoglobin structure
Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by decreasing activation energy, also called “traffic
cops”. Enzymes cause all reactions [Tertiary and Quarternary]. They are very specific
reaction with molecules that fit like a lock and key. When they are together it is called an
enzyme substrate complex. The reaction is a bond that releases a product.
Substrates=key.
In the model, a wrench is seen as the enzyme, a socket is seen as the active site, and
the knut and bolt are the substrates.
Fibrous vs. Globulan Proteins
Globular are round while fibrous are long. Enzymes are water soluble and are ready for
transportation. Globular act as catalysts and are used for molecular transport, they are
functional proteins. Fibrous however are found in tendons and ligaments and are not water
soluble.
DNA makes proteins (enzymes) which are the blueprint of our genetic code.
PROTEINS are manufactured in the body according to our genes
CHROMOSOMES are made of genes
Structure of DNA
1. Nucleotide base in center
2. Each base is bonded with sugar molecules
3. Each sugar molecule is bonded to phosphates. They are responsible for structure.
- Gaps are called major and minor grooves
Four Bases
A- Adenine C- Cytosine
T- Thymine G- Guanine
- Covalent bonds don’t break easily where hydrogen bonds do.
