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LAB EXAM 3 REVISED OUTLINE, Summaries of Biology

ALL the info for lab exam 3, bio 101

Typology: Summaries

2024/2025

Uploaded on 04/10/2025

gemma-gersh
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Metabolic Rate (MR) and Oxygen Consumption:
1. Oxygen Consumption per Hour:
a. MR = Oxygen consumed (mL) per hour.
2. Divide by Weight:
a. Formula:
MR (mL/hour/gram)=Oxygen Consumption (mL/hour)Weight (grams)\text{MR
(mL/hour/gram)} = \frac{\text{Oxygen Consumption (mL/hour)}}{\text{Weight
(grams)}}
MR (mL/hour/gram)=Weight (grams)Oxygen Consumption (mL/hour)
b. Example: 2.4 mL (oxygen consumed) / 0.3 grams (weight) = 8
mL/hour/gram.
3. MR Unit:
a. mL/hour/gram is the unit for metabolic rate.
Ectotherms vs. Endotherms:
Ectotherms:
oAs temperature increases, metabolic rate increases.
Endotherms:
oAs temperature increases, metabolic rate decreases.
Photosynthesis:
1. BRB (Bromothymol Blue):
a. A pH indicator used to show changes in pH during photosynthesis.
2. Effect of Seltzer:
a. Adding seltzer to the water causes an acidic pH, turning the water
yellow/green.
3. Photosynthesis Process:
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Metabolic Rate (MR) and Oxygen Consumption:

  1. Oxygen Consumption per Hour : a. MR = Oxygen consumed (mL) per hour.
  2. Divide by Weight : a. Formula:

MR (mL/hour/gram)=Oxygen Consumption (mL/hour)Weight (grams)\text{MR

(mL/hour/gram)} = \frac{\text{Oxygen Consumption (mL/hour)}}{\text{Weight

(grams)}}MR (mL/hour/gram)=Weight (grams)Oxygen Consumption (mL/hour)

b. Example: 2.4 mL (oxygen consumed) / 0.3 grams (weight) = 8 mL/hour/gram.

  1. MR Unit : a. mL/hour/gram is the unit for metabolic rate.

Ectotherms vs. Endotherms:

Ectotherms : o As temperature increases , metabolic rate increases.  Endotherms : o As temperature increases , metabolic rate decreases.

Photosynthesis:

  1. BRB (Bromothymol Blue) : a. A pH indicator used to show changes in pH during photosynthesis.
  2. Effect of Seltzer : a. Adding seltzer to the water causes an acidic pH , turning the water yellow/green.
  3. Photosynthesis Process :

a. Over time, the water turns blue again as the plant absorbs CO₂ during photosynthesis , which increases the pH.

Plant Anatomy (Page 5):

  1. Upper and Lower Epidermis : a. Function : Provides protection for the plant's internal tissues.
  2. Palisade and Spongy Layer : a. Function : Site of photosynthesis.
  3. Stoma (Stomata) : a. Function : Takes in CO₂ and releases O₂.
  4. Light Absorption : a. Yellow and Green Light : Least absorbed by the plant. b. Violet, Blue, and Orange Light : Most absorbed.

Paper Chromatography:

  1. Factors Leading to Separation of Pigments : a. Molecular Weight : Lighter pigments travel further up the paper. b. Solubility in Solvent : More soluble pigments travel higher. c. Affinity of Pigment to Paper : Pigments that are strongly bonded to the paper will not travel as far.
  2. Lightest Pigment : a. More soluble and has less affinity to the paper, so it travels higher up.
  3. Heaviest Pigment : a. Less soluble and has more affinity to the paper, so it stays lower on the paper.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):

  1. Three Steps of PCR : a. Denaturing : DNA strands separate due to high heat. b. Annealing : Primers bind to the separated DNA strands. c. Elongation : DNA polymerase synthesizes the new DNA strand. i. Tag DNA polymerase is used because it doesn’t denature at high temperatures and can be reused.

Genetic Traits:

  1. Elephant Tusks (X-linked Dominant Trait) : a. XX with TT = Dead (Double mutation). b. XY with one T = Dead (One mutated X). c. XX Heterozygous (Tt) = No tusks. d. xx Homozygous (tt) = Tusks.
  2. Sickle Cell Trait : a. H N H S (H = normal, S = sickle). b. Heterozygous (HS) = Carrier of sickle cell. c. Homozygous (HH) = Normal. d. Homozygous (SS) = Sickle cell anemia.
  3. Colorblindness : a. Red/Green colorblindness: X^B X^b (X^B = normal vision, X^b = colorblind). b. Yellow/Green colorblindness: Bb.

Cellular Respiration:

Respirometer : o Measures the oxygen consumption of an organism. o Water enters the respirometer due to a vacuum seal.

o Potassium hydroxide absorbs CO₂ produced during respiration.