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LATEST SOCI 301 SOCIAL STATISTICS- FINAL
EXAM PRACTICE-WITH 100% VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
- If an exercise psychologist hypothesizes that there will be no difference between a
new conditioning program and the current conditioning used by a team, the
psychologist is stating the
a) comparison hypothesis.
b) research hypothesis.
c) null hypothesis.
d) functional differential.
- Place the five steps of the hypothesis-testing process in the correct order.
- Determine the characteristics of the comparison distribution.
- Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- Restate the question as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the
populations.
- Determine your sample’s score on the comparison distribution.
- Determine the cutoff sample score on the comparison distribution at which
the null hypothesis should be rejected.
a) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3
b) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
c) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2
d) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2
e)
- Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate description of
hypothesis testing??
a) It is a central theme in the statistical analysis of virtually all social
science research.
b) It is a simple part of statistics that applies to approximately three statistical
procedures.
c) It is a fairly uncommon way of using statistics.
d) It is a kind of statistical procedure that is used mainly as part of descriptive
statistics.
a.
- A researcher tests whether there is any difference between how fast people work
in the morning versus how fast they work in the evening. What is the NULL
hypothesis?
a) People who work in the morning work faster.
b) People who work at night work faster.
c) There is some difference, but which is faster is not predicted.
d) There is no difference in the speed at which people work.
e) The difference between how fast people work in the morning and
how fast they work at night.
- You determine the characteristics of the comparison distribution to answer which
of the following questions?
a) Given a particular sample value, what is the probability of
obtaining that value if the research hypothesis is true?
b) Given a particular sample value, what is the probability of
obtaining that value if the null hypothesis is true?
c) Given a particular population value, what is the probability of
obtaining that value if the research hypothesis is true?
d) Given a particular population value, what is the probability of
obtaining that value if the null hypothesis is false?
e) Given a particular population value, what is the probability of
obtaining that value if the research hypothesis is false?
- The first step in the hypothesis-testing process is to:
a) Determine the characteristics of the comparison distribution
b) Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis
c) Restate the question as a research hypothesis and a null
hypothesis about populations
d) Determine your sample’s score on the comparison distribution
e) Determine the cutoff sample on the comparison distribution at
which the null hypothesis should be rejected.
- The cutoff sample score is also known as the:
a) significance level
b) sampling distribution.
c) null value.
d) sample Z score.
e) critical value
- Suppose the cutoff Z score on the comparison distribution is +2.31. You reject the
null hypothesis if the sample value’s Z score on this distribution was:
a) - 2.
b) - 1.
c) 2.
d) 2.
e) 2.
- A one-tailed test is associated with
a) the research hypothesis.
b) the null hypothesis.
shape).
b) Becomes more positively skewed.
c) Becomes more negatively skewed.
d) Becomes bimodal (in terms of shape).
e) Becomes a better approximation of the normal curve (in terms
of shape).
- The standard deviation of the distribution of means is also known as the:
a) population standard deviation.
b) variance of the error mean.
c) standard error of the population.
d) standard error of the mean.
e) The distribution of Z scores.
- The Z scores that would be used to define the 99% confidence interval are
a) +1.64 and – 1.64.
b) +2.58 and – 2.58.
c) +3.04 and – 3.04.
d) +1.58 and – 1.58.
e)
For the following 3 question(s): A researcher is interested in whether the colour of
an animal’s surroundings affects learning rate. She tests 16 rats in a box with a
colourful wallpaper. Assume that it is known that the average rat can learn to run
this particular maze (in a box without any special colouring) in 25 trials, with a
variance of 64; the distribution is normal. The mean number of trials to learn the
maze for the group with the colourful wallpaper is 11.
- What is the null hypothesis?
a) The rate of learning for the sample of rats tested with colourful wallpaper
is no different than the population of rats tested under ordinary
circumstances.
b) The rate of learning for the sample of rats tested with colourful wallpaper
is faster than the population of rats tested under ordinary circumstances.
c) The rate of learning for the population of rats tested with colourful
wallpaper is no different than the population of rats tested under
ordinary circumstances.
d) The rate of learning for the population of rats tested with colourful
wallpaper is faster than the population of rats tested under ordinary
circumstances.
e) The rate of learning for the population of rats tested with colourful
wallpaper is normally distributed.
- What is the standard deviation of the distribution of means?
a) 64/16 = 4.
b) Square root of (64/16) = 2.
c) 64/11 = 5.
d) Square root of (64/11) = 2.
e) Square root of 64 = 8.
- What is the shape of the distribution of means?
a) approximately normal
b) skewed to the left
c) skewed to the right
d) bimodal
e) It cannot be determined from the information given.
- An estimate of the sample mean as 14.2 is an example of:
a) a procedure based on the distribution of means.
b) a procedure based on the confidence interval.
c) an interval estimate.
d) a point estimate.
e) a population parameter.
- The correct interpretation of the 99% confidence interval is that one can be
a) 99% confident that it includes the true population mean.
b) 1% confident includes the true population mean.
c) confident that 49% of the scores lie below the point estimate of the mean
and 50% of the scores lie above the point estimate of the mean.
d) confident that 50% of the scores lie below the point estimate of the mean
and 49% of the scores lie above the point estimate of the mean.
e)
- In what way is effect size most comparable to a Z score?
a) It can range from 1 to +1.
b) It provides a direct indication of statistical significance.
c) It provides a standard for comparison for results across studies using
different measures.
d) It provides a useful indication of the importance of a study.
- In order to calculate the standardized effect size, one should divide the raw score
effect size for each study by its:
a) Respective population standard deviation.
b) Respective population mean.
- A chi-square test for independence indicated that males and females were not
evenly distributed across the categories [χ
(3, N = 234) = 56.79, p = .04].” What
is the chi-square value in this study?
a) 3
b) 234
c) 56.
d).
- The variance of a sample is said to be “biased” because it
a) Consistently divides the actual variance of the population.
b) Sometimes underestimates the actual variance of the population.
c) Sometimes overestimates the actual variance of the population.
d) Consistently underestimates the actual variance of the population.
e) Consistently overestimates the actual variance of the population.
- A sample has individuals with scores of 1, 3, 5, 6, and 6. What is the estimated
population variance?
a) 3.
b) 4.
c) 4.
d) 5.
e) 6.
- What is the main difference between a Z score and a t score?
a) t scores are used when the study requires a one-tailed test.
b) t scores are used when the study requires a two-tailed test.
c) t scores are used when the population variance is unknown.
d) t scores are used whenever the sample size is greater than 30.
e) t scores are only used when inferences are made about other samples.
- The number of scores free to vary when estimating a population parameter is/are:
a) degrees of freedom.
b) number of scores minus 1.
c) number of scores multiplied by the standard deviation.
d) the square root of the number of scores.
e) Both A and B
- If 15 research participants take a pretest and a posttest with a mean difference
score of 1.5, and if the standard deviation of the comparison distribution is .5,
what is the t score?
a) 1.5/(15 1) =.
b) 1.5/15 =.
c) 1.5/.5 = 3.
d) 15/1.5 = 10
- In which situation would you use a t test for dependent means?
a) To compare the level of honesty (based on an honesty scale) in politicians to the
level of honesty in students.
b) To compare the level of reading comprehension of students at the beginning
of a speed-reading class to their level of reading comprehension at the end of
class.
c) To find the correlation between liking for coffee and tendency to be a “night
person” among a group of students.
d) To compare the scores on a tolerance-of-diversity measure between two sororities.
e) To compare the level of prejudice (based on a prejudice scale) in males to the
level of prejudice in females.
- Difference scores are usually used with:
a) A t test for a single sample.
b) A t test for dependent means.
c) A t test for independent means.
d) A chi-square test for goodness of fit.
e) All of the above
- With a t test for dependent means, Population 2 will ordinarily have a mean of:
a) - 1
b) 0
c) +
d) + 1
e) It varies from sample to sample.
- Which of the following is an assumption for the t test for dependent means?
a. The population variance is known.
b. The population mean is greater than the sample mean.
c. The population follows a normal distribution.
d. The sample follows a normal distribution.
e. All of the above.
- All of the following statements are true about t tests EXCEPT
A) they involve hypothesis-testing procedures.
B) they are used when the population variance is unknown.
C) they are used when the population variance is known.
D) they compare t scores from a sample to a comparison distribution called a
e) all of the above
- A researcher hypothesizes that people of personality type K score higher than
people of personality type R on an intelligence test. The S Difference
turned out to
be .9, while the mean score of type K people was 18.8 and the mean score for type
R people was 21.3. What is the t score?
a) t = (18.8 – 21.3) /.
b) t = (18.8 – 21.3)(.3) = 8.
c) t = (18.8 – 21.3) / .9 = - 2.
d) t = (18.8 – 21.3) / [(2)(.9)] = - 1.
e)
f) t = (21.3 – 18.8) /.
- A procedure used to compare more than two groups of scores, each of which is
from an entirely separate group of people is called a(n):
a) analysis of variance.
b) analysis of mean scores.
c) t test for independent means.
d) t test for dependent means.
e) Z test for three groups.
- In an analysis of variance, if the within-group variance estimate is about the same
as the between-group variance estimate:
a) The null hypothesis should be rejected.
b) Any difference between sample means is probably due to random sampling.
c) An error in figuring was made, because a within-group variance estimate must
always be smaller than the between-group variance estimate.
d) Any difference between sample means is probably due to a real difference caused
by the experimental conditions.
e) A and B.
- An important characteristic of an F ratio is that:
a) When looking up the cutoff in a table, the degrees of freedom are needed
from the numerator, denominator, and the sum of squares calculation.
b) It is never less than 0.
c) It is negatively skewed.
d) The standard t distribution (for 30 df ) is used as a comparison distribution.
e) It cannot be a very high number.
- Suppose you were conducting an ANOVA with four groups of five participants
each. What are your within-groups and between-groups degrees of freedom,
respectively?
a) 16; 4
b) 12; 3
c) 20; 3
d) 19; 3
e) 16; 3
- The main advantage of a factorial design is that it lets you study:
a) The correlation between two or more variables.
b) The actual, observed frequencies in each category or cell.
c) The effects of combing two or more variables.
d) Nominal variables with parametric tests.
e) The estimated degree of fit of one variable.
- A hypothesis-testing procedure that examines how well an observed frequency
distribution of a single nominal variable fits some expected pattern of frequencies
is a(n):
a) Chi-square test for independence.
b) Chi-square test for goodness of fit.
c) Observed frequency test.
d) Rank-order test.
e) t test for independent means.
- In a 3 by 4 contingency table, there are:
a) Four levels of each variable.
b) Two levels of one variable and three levels of the other.
c) Three levels of one variable and four levels of the other.
d) Four levels of one variable and five levels of the other.
e) Five levels of one variable and six levels of the other.
- Which of the following set contains the correct scores if 1, 4, 25, and 81 are
transformed using the rank-order method?
a) 1, 2, 3, 4
b) 1, 4, 25
c) 1, 4, 25, 81
d) 1, 2, 5, 9
e) 4, 4, 25, 25
- Consider a study looking at the relationship between gender and performance on a
statistics examination. This study is about.
a) the differences between group means
b) associations among variables
c) pre-and post-testing of variables
- Power is affected by sample size, effect size, whether a one- or two-tailed
test is used, type of hypothesis-testing procedure used, and the
significance level and standard deviation
- The effect size of a study is a good indicator of its practical importance because,
unlike statistical significance, it is not affected by.
sample size
- For t tests for independent means, a large effect size is equal to.
(Provide a value.)
Cohen’s guidelines to interpret a t-test suggest a value around 0.8 or - 0.8 is
considered large
- Degrees of freedom 1 + Degrees of freedom 2 =
df Within
- The distribution of differences between means is essentially the same concept as
the distribution of difference scores.
a) true
b) false
- One difference between a chi-square test and an analysis of variance is that in a
chi-square test all variables are.
nominal variables
- Data transformations have the advantage of allowing you to use the familiar
parametric techniques on transformed scores.
a) true
b) false
- When conducting an analysis of variance, two different estimates of the
population variance are compared.
a) true
b) false
- The F distribution is symmetrical in shape.
a) true
b) false
- To test the null hypothesis that three populations have equal means, a researcher
would conduct a(n).
Anova
- Degrees of freedom is calculated as the number of scores minus the mean.
a) True
b) false
- In addition to developing the chi-square test, Karl Pearson also coined the term
“histogram.”
a) true
b) false
c)
- Chi-square distributions are skewed.
Right
