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This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management theories, exploring their historical evolution, key approaches, and practical applications in contemporary organizations. It examines the traits, skills, and transformational leadership styles, highlighting their impact on organizational culture and success. The report also delves into various management theories, including classical, behavioral, and contemporary approaches, emphasizing their relevance in achieving organizational goals.
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17 June 2020
management and they have also explained what the concept of leadership and management represent and its principles with regards to the blanketing discussion on the significance of leadership and management (Schedlitzki and Edwards, 2014). At this stage, it is important to acknowledge or appreciate leadership and management by identifying with its role in molding up, a contemporary organization with its organizational norms, beliefs, and management theories. Aim and Structure of the Report This report is to critically assess the role of a leader in an organization using the leadership theories and management theories to a contemporary organization. The report will analyze credible literature on the advancement of the approaches, highlighting their hypothesis as relates to a leader and an organization with interrelation on leadership culture. The report introduces leadership and their theories: traits theory, skills theory, and transformational leadership. It also introduces Oprah Winfrey as the leader I will like to identify with, discussing her leadership traits interrelating it with a contemporary organization. This report will also represent information on ‘Guaranty Trust Bank Plc’ as an organization with classical management theories. Background of a Leader - Oprah Winfrey Winfrey is an American Philanthropist, who has venture into acting, a talk show host, and a television producer. She was mostly recognised for her talk show, “The Oprah Winfrey Show’’ which was broadcast from Chicago. Oprah’s show was the highest-rated television program in history and ran on national syndication for 25 years from 1986 to
2008, the bank was given license for the United Kingdom by the Financial Service Authority. The bank was recently recognized as the best bank in Africa during the Euro Money Awards for Excellence and deem the best bank in Nigeria for the ninth time. The bank in 2013, also issued a US$400 million Euro bond at a coupon rate of 6percent, the smallest amount obtained by a Nigerian company within the international capital market. The Bank has an AA- rating from Fitch in recognition of its strong domestic franchise, good quality assets and sound earning record. The bank has grown to become one of the most respected and service focused banks in Nigeria, West African, and the United Kingdom. The bank presently has an assets base of over N3.287 trillion and over 10,000 professionals across its branches. https://www.gtbank.com 2.0 Structure of the Report This report will first assess the word leadership, then analyze the various approaches of leadership and its concepts then move to debate the traits of leadership theories in reference to my chosen leader, then analyze the definition of management and its theories. The report further examines the classical management theories and organizational culture of Guaranty Trust Bank Plc. 2.1 What is Leadership? According to Prentice (1961) leadership is “the accomplishment of a goal through the direction of human assistance”. Leadership is an impact of a relationship among follows and leaders to achieve a shared and mutual objective (Rost, 1991). Leadership springs from the Latin word ‘’To lead’’ and ‘’To Guide’’. Leadership has a different meaning to
different people and to put a definition to it has been the problem for scholars. The table below highlight the definition of leadership throughout the Twentieth Century. Table 1: Definition of Leadership through the 20th^ Century Period/Decade Prominence on Definition 1900 - 1929 Leadership emphasized on control and centralization of power 1930 - 1939 Leadership emphasized trait and group theory 1940 - 1949 Leadership emphasized on group theory 1950 - 1959 Leadership emphasized on group theory, relationship or influence that developed shared goals and effectiveness of a leader to influence a group activity. 1960 - 1969 Leadership emphasized behavior that influenced people towards shared goals. 1970 - 1979 Leadership emphasized on organizational behavior as an approach. 1980 - 1989 Leadership emphasized relationship influence among leaders and followers
Another scholar, Bass, and Stogdill (1990) also, believe that leaders are born with distinctive features and characteristics which are different from others and made them stand out from their peers and followers. The Great Man theory further stimulated scholars and researchers to evaluate the trait theory explaining the innate qualities and features of a leader with the presumption that a leader has a dominant trait that people can spot and recognized (Stogdill 1948). Table 2 below is a summary of the traits theory and the characteristics that were identified by scholars and researchers. The table also shows the span of traits in relation to leadership and how difficult to select a trait as a definitive or conclusive leadership trait. Some traits appear more than ones in the study while some appear just ones. Table 2: Leadership Traits and Characteristics Stogdill (1948) Mann (1959) Stogdill (1974) Lord, DeVader, and Alliger (1986) Kirkpatri ck and Locke (1991) Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader (2004) Intelligence Intelligence Achievement Intelligen ce Drive Cognitive abilities
Alertness Masculinity Persistence Masculini ty Motivation Extroversion Insight Adjustment Insight Dominan ce Integrity Conscientiousn ess Responsibil ity Dominance Initiative Confidenc e Emotional stability Initiative Extroversio n Self- confidence Cognitive ability Openness Persistence Conservatis m Responsibility Task knowledg e Agreeableness Self- confidence Cooperativene ss Motivation Sociability Tolerance Social intelligence Influence Self-monitoring Sociability Emotional intelligence Problem solving Source: Adapted from “The Bases of Social Power” Zaccoro, Kemp, and Bader (2004)
Determination Leaders who have the attribute of determination get the job done. According to Northouse (2016), these leaders initiate, drive, are persistent and are dominant in character. A leader with determination is willing to volunteer themselves, they are proactive and have the capacity to survive in the face of obstacles. A leader who is determined shows dominance at all times and is able to handle all situations where the followers need direction. Integrity Another important trait of a leader is integrity. According to Northouse (2016), integrity is a quality of honesty and trustworthiness. A person who holds fast to set of principles and is willing to take responsibility for their actions has the quality of integrity and these leaders inspire confidence in others because they can be trusted to do or carry out what they profess to do. These leaders are loyal, dependable, and trustworthy. Sociability The last important trait of leadership is sociability. According to Northouse (2016), sociability is a leader's inclination to seek out a pleasant social relationship with others. These leaders are friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful, diplomatic and they show concerns about others' well-being. Reviews on leadership traits have been qualitative until recently, they have lacked a common classified framework. Although, the research reported in the table below provides a quantitative evaluation of leadership traits that are imaginary framed around
the five-factor model of personality. These personality traits outline their relations to leadership. According to Goldberg (1990), a consensus has appeared among researchers on the basic factors that make up the personality trait. These factors are commonly called “the Big Five” and they are neuroticism, extraversion (surgency), openness (intellect), agreeableness, and conscientiousness (dependability). Table 3: The Big Five Personality Factors Factors Definitions Neuroticism The feeling of depression, anxiety, anger, insure and jealousy Extraversion The feeling of being with people, sociable and full of positive energy Openness The habit of being creative, insightful and curious Agreeableness The habit of being kind, accepting, trusting, warm and considerate Conscientiousness The habit of been organized, careful and diligent
Human Skills This skill is the ability to work with people and to be able to work effectively among followers, peers, and superiors. This skill includes both written and verbal communications, the ability to motivate others, and create a positive team spirit. Conceptual Skills This skill allows the leaders to think and visualize their ideals propositions and concepts. These leaders are good working with raw ideas or concepts and then develop it. This skill requires deep thinking, creativity, and decision making. Katz further stated that the level of importance of each skill directly corresponded with the level of the person in the organization. The higher the person is in the organization, the less technical skill that will be required for the position while conceptual skill will be required for that position. On the other hand, the lower the position in the organization, the higher the technical skills and less conceptual skill required. However, human skills are always required for all levels of position in an organization. The table below shows Katz managerial skills.
Table 4: Katz (1955) Managerial Skills 2.2.3 Transformational Approach Transformational leaders are leaders who create something new from something that is old or obsolete. This type of leader is different from transactional leaders who only make adjustments to the organizational structure. Transformational leaders achieve this result by challenging their followers through their emotional values, ethics, standards, and process (Northouse, 2007). Downton (1973), was the first scholar who originated the word transformational leadership, however, Burn's (1978) publication of his book classic Leadership was the first exposure of the word. Burns in his book described two types of leadership style: transactional and transformational leaders in his book Rebel Leadership: commitment
