Lect. 1 biotechnlogy introduction, Lecture notes of Biotechnology

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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN

PLANT PATHOLOGY

 SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

Pl. Path 604

What is biotechnology?

 Biology+ technology  i.e. involves the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating userful products/ services  Biotechnology can be defined as “the use of living microorganisms in systems or processes for the manufacture of useful products, it may be algae, yeast, fungi, bacteria, virus or cells of higher plants and animals or their subsystems or isolated components from living matter (Gibbs and Greenhalgh, 1983)

Old & New Biotechnology

 Though the term biotech. is of recent origin but the discipline itself is very old

 Man started exploiting/ employing organisms as early as 5000 BC for making wine, vinegar and curd etc.

 Such processes which are based on capabilities of micro-organism etc. are commonly considered as old biotechnology

1 st^ world war prompted the use of microorganisms for the production of different product on commercial scale --------- -------Old Biotechnology

 German were forced to develop technology for the production of glycerol (used for production of explosives) due to disruption of vegetable oil by Britishers  British produced acetone-butanol fermentation using Clostridium acteobutylicum due to German interference with normal supply of these.  Production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger due to destruction of citrus orchards in world war I.  Production of penicillin ( Penicillium notatum )

Since then man continued his quest

for :

 Improving the natural capabilities of microorganisms,

 Making them capable of novel processes and

 Discovering microorganisms with new capabilities

all these thrusts have led to the development of Recombinant DNA technology which allows man to modify organisms and other microorganisms to create in them highly valuable novel and naturally non-existent capabilities. ------------ New Biotechnology

Eg.

 Human insulin genome transferred and expressed into E. coli and insulin produced by these genetically engineered microbes (GEMs), being used to manage diabetes.

 Improvement of crop varieties for useful traits.

 Transgenic plants resistant to viral infection e.g. Papaya ring spot virus These few and numerous examples constitute New Biotechnology

Commercial potential

 Unlimited potential  In 1991, about 130 biotechnologically derived pharmaceuticals were under review in USA  Contribution of Biotech products to global market was between $60-199 billion and it is on the rise.  Similarly in India demand fro such products was around Rs 27 billion for 1995 and Rs 55 billion by 2002 Major share of this demand was in  Human health  Industrial products  Agriculture sector.

Biotechnology in Plant Pathology

 Molecular Detection and identification of plant pathogens  Identification and tagging of resistance genes (MAS)  Development of resistant cultivars  Gene pyramiding  Exploitation of biocontrol agents in disease/ pest management  Strain improvement  Development of resistant transgenics

Areas To Cover

 Adoption & Benefits

 Regulatory Policy

 Liability

Improvements most often delivered through

biotechnology

 Herbicide tolerance

 Enable improved weed control measures

 Insect resistance

 Enable improved pest management  Disease resistance  Papaya  Tomato  Capsicum

Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1996 to 2000: By Crop (million hectares)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Soybean Corn Cotton Canola

Source: Clive James, 2000

Crops improved through

biotechnology that are grown

most frequently:

 Soybeans  Corn  Cotton  Canola

Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1996 to 2000; Industrial and Developing Countries (million hectares)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Industrial Developing

Source: Clive James, 2000

Global Area Adoption Rates (%)

for Principal Transgenic Crops (million hectares)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Soybean Cotton Canola Maize

Nontransgenic Transgenic

Source: Clive James, 2000