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An overview of nuclear chemistry, focusing on radioactivity, isotopes, and various types of nuclear reactions. Topics include the concept of radioactivity, unstable and stable atoms, natural and synthetic radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and the discovery of radioactivity. It also covers the differences between alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, shielding, and measuring radiation.
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Natural radioactivity isotopes present sincethe earthformed
eg uranium-238 or 235
or produced by cosmic rays from thesun
eg carbon-
Synthetic radioactivity isotopes made in nuclear reactorswhen atoms are split (fission).Cyclotrons, particle accelerators
Two sources of radioactivity
Normal chemical reactions involve electrons
Valence electrons
unstable atoms
stable atoms
Radioactivityunknownbefore20th century
DiscoveredbyRöntgenandBecquerel
Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923)
RöntgendiscoveredX-rays incathoderay tubesin 1895
World’s firstX-ray:BerthaRöntgen’shand
Becquerel (1845-1923)U compoundsproduced fog onphotographic plates
Discovered (1896) it wasnaturally radioactive
With Pierre Curie,discovered andisolated newelements: radium, polonium Radium millions oftimes more activethan uranium
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Types of Nuclear Reactions
unstable nucleus
Atoms change into new atoms