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Understanding Nuclear Chemistry: Radioactivity, Isotopes, and Nuclear Reactions - Prof. Ni, Papers of Chemistry

An overview of nuclear chemistry, focusing on radioactivity, isotopes, and various types of nuclear reactions. Topics include the concept of radioactivity, unstable and stable atoms, natural and synthetic radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and the discovery of radioactivity. It also covers the differences between alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, shielding, and measuring radiation.

Typology: Papers

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/19/2009

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NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear Chemistry

ChemistryChemistryChemistry

Nuclear reactions

reactions involve atomic nucleilead to changes in atoms conversion of an atom into another Isotopes

atoms having same atomic numberbut different mass number

oxygen-

Natural radioactivity isotopes present sincethe earthformed

eg uranium-238 or 235

or produced by cosmic rays from thesun

eg carbon-

Synthetic radioactivity isotopes made in nuclear reactorswhen atoms are split (fission).Cyclotrons, particle accelerators

Two sources of radioactivity

What is radioactivity?

Normal chemical reactions involve electrons

Valence electrons

What is radioactivity?

unstable atoms

stable atoms

What is radioactivity?

Our understanding of atomicstructure came from studies ofradioactive elements

What is radioactivity?

Radioactivityunknownbefore20th century

DiscoveredbyRöntgenandBecquerel

Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923)

RöntgendiscoveredX-rays incathoderay tubesin 1895

World’s firstX-ray:BerthaRöntgen’shand

Becquerel (1845-1923)U compoundsproduced fog onphotographic plates

Discovered (1896) it wasnaturally radioactive

With Pierre Curie,discovered andisolated newelements: radium, polonium Radium millions oftimes more activethan uranium

4 2

He

1 1

H

0

e

0

1

n

Common particles

Types of Nuclear Reactions

1. Radioactive decay:

unstable nucleus

2. Transmutation:

Atoms change into new atoms