Road to Reformation
1250-1517
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Europe's Road to Reformation: Transformations (1250-1517), Study notes of Christianity
The major issues that contributed to the reformation in europe between 1250 and 1517, including economic factors such as famine, plague, and war, societal changes like the emergence of the middle class and the rise of nationalism, political conflicts between the pope and kings, and theological disputes. It also discusses the impact of education and technology during this period.
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Road to Reformation
Major Issues:
1. Economy
2. Society
3. Politics
4. Education
5. Technology
6. Theology
2. Society
- Emergence of Middle Class has led to a shift in political power that threatens to undermine (or realign) traditional power relationships.
- Poor become even poorer as agriculture deteriorates leading to protest heresies.
- Development of languages has produced an awareness of distinct ethnic identities that exacerbates conflicts…birth of nationalism.
Societal Tensions
- (^) Humiliati – Unlicensed preachers who aimed at a purer moral life (condemned in 1179) their popularity led to a number of different types emerging and finally approval in 1201.
- (^) Flagellants - sought to engage in public acts of penance (beating themselves with whips until they bled) to avert God’s wratth from themselves and society.
- Waldensians – founded by Peter Waldo and condemned in 1184 for refusing to submit to corrupt priests. They initially sought only to preach, to read the Bible in their own language and poverty. Condemnation led to harsher criticism of the Church (sacraments not valid).
- (^) Cathari (Albigensians)-dualistic view of flesh and spirit resulting in the rejection of marriage, meat, and material objects in worship. They rejected hell, purgatory, infant Baptism.
4. Education
- Emergence of Universities in 12th^ & 13th^ Century promotes higher levels of literacy which leads to proliferation of literature.
- Humanism as expressed through the Renaissance changes attitudes about the individual self.
- Greek and Latin literature and art fuel Humanism.
- The educated become a voice of protest for society:
- John Wycliffe and the Lollards call for land reform in England (1370’s -)
- John Huss (1372-1415) – calls for reforms similar to what Luther will call for in the next century
- William Tyndale (1494-1536) – translated Bible (NT) into English and was executed for it.