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External Respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood. TERM 2
Internal Respiration
DEFINITION 2 The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood. TERM 3
Ventilation
DEFINITION 3 The process by which air is drawn into the lungs and waste products are expelled. TERM 4
2 types of ventilation
DEFINITION 4 Inspiration Expiration TERM 5
Inspiration
DEFINITION 5 Air fill the lungs due to low intrathoracic pressure
Expiration
Air is forced out of the lungs due to a higher intrathoracic pressure TERM 7
Transport of oxygen
DEFINITION 7 Most oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin to be carried in the blood TERM 8
Transport of carbon dioxide
DEFINITION 8 carbon dioxide dissolved in blood plasma-10% carbaminohemoglobin in RBC- 20% bicarbonate ions in RBC-70% TERM 9
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
DEFINITION 9 Mucous Membranes TERM 10
What are the 4 purposes of mucous
membranes in the nasal cavity?
DEFINITION 10 Prevents surrounding tissue from drying out Warms the air to prevent hypothermia Humidifies the air to prevent the drying out of the lungs Traps fine particulate foreign matter
Part of respiratory system that is the passage
for food, air and the resonating chamber
Pharynx TERM 17
Starts inside the nose and ends at the soft
palate and serve as a passageway for air only
DEFINITION 17 Nasophayrnx TERM 18
Begins at the soft palate and ends at the
hyoid bone. Carries both food and air.
DEFINITION 18 Oropharynx TERM 19
Begins at the hyoid bone and extends to the
esophagus and larynx
DEFINITION 19 Larynogopharynx TERM 20
Resonating chamber containing vocal cords,
allows us to make sound.
DEFINITION 20 Larynx
Tube that extends from the larynx to T-
Trachea TERM 22
Where is the trachea positioned?
DEFINITION 22 Anterior to the esophagus TERM 23
What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings
that line the trachea?
DEFINITION 23 To keep it from collapsing. TERM 24
Why is the trachea in a C shape?
DEFINITION 24 To allow the esophagus to fit in behind it. TERM 25
What type of cartilage supports the larynx?
DEFINITION 25 Elastic Cartilage
Branches w/ no cartilage, they have smooth
muscle that cause bronchiole
dilation/contraction
Bronchioles TERM 32
Very small tubes found in the lungs and lead
into the respiratory bronchioles
DEFINITION 32 Terminal Bronchioles TERM 33
Microscopic tubules that carry air into the
alveoli
DEFINITION 33 Respiratory Bronchioles TERM 34
Small, grape-like clusters at end of respiratory
bronchioles where gas exchange takes place
DEFINITION 34 Alveoli TERM 35
What are the alveoli surrounded by and why?
DEFINITION 35 Surrounded by capillary beds to allow for the exchange of respiratory gases
Large, spongy structures that contain
bronchi.
Lungs TERM 37
What are the lobe of the lungs?
DEFINITION 37 three on the righttwo on the left TERM 38
What are the 2 membranes that cover the
lungs?
DEFINITION 38 Parietal PleuraVisceral Pleura TERM 39
Parietal
Pleura
DEFINITION 39 membrane attached to the wall of the pleural cavity TERM 40
Visceral
Pleura
DEFINITION 40 membrane attached to the surface of the lungs that secrete a liquid like lubricant.
What is the normal respiration rate?
12 to 18 per minute TERM 47
Pontine Centers
DEFINITION 47 As conditions in the body vary, these centers in the pons can alter the activity of the medullary centers thus adjusting breathing rhythm. TERM 48
What are brainstem centers influenced by?
DEFINITION 48 Influenced by information from sensory receptors located in the other body areas. TERM 49
What are the 3 types of respiratory control
centers?
DEFINITION 49 Medullary centers Pontine Centers Brainstem Centers TERM 50
Voluntary but limited control of respiratory
activity.
DEFINITION 50 Cerebral Cortex
What are the 2 receptors influencing
respiration?
Chemoreceptors Pulmonary stretch receptors TERM 52
Respond to changes in CO2 O2 and blood acid
levels, located in carotid and aortic bodies
DEFINITION 52 Chemoreceptors TERM 53
Respond to stretch in lungs, thus protecting
respiratory organs from over inflation
DEFINITION 53 Pulmonary stretch receptors TERM 54
Digestion
DEFINITION 54 The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into the circulatory system for transport through the body layer of tissue in the digestive tract TERM 55
What are the 2 types of digestion?
DEFINITION 55 Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion
Submucosa
Layer of connective tissue beneath mucosa that contains blood vessels, nerves and lymph ducts TERM 62
Muscularis Externa
DEFINITION 62 Region that contains 2 layers of smooth muscles again in a circular and longitudinal formation. The contraction of the muscles allows for the movement of food passing through the digestive tract. TERM 63
What is the movement of food passing
through the digestive tract?
DEFINITION 63 Peristalsis TERM 64
Serosa
DEFINITION 64 Outer layer or covering of the digestive tract except for the following which are surrounded by connective tissue instead of the serosa: pharynx esophagus mouth rectum TERM 65
Esophagus
DEFINITION 65 Hollow tube structure that connects the mouth to the stomach. It passes through the thoracic cavity behind the trachea and then enters the abdominal cavity through and opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus.
What are the 3 major functions of the
stomach?
Stores food Performs Mechanical Digestion Performs chemical digestion by mixing the substances coming into the stomach with gastric juices to create a mixture called chyme. TERM 67
Medial side of the stomach
DEFINITION 67 Lesser Curvature TERM 68
Lateral side of the stomach
DEFINITION 68 Greater Curvature TERM 69
4 regions of the stomach?
DEFINITION 69 Cardia Fundus Body Pylorus TERM 70
Cardia
DEFINITION 70 region of superior medial portion of stomach where it attaches to the esophagus
What are the large folds that allow the
stomach to stretch and contract
Rugae TERM 77
What are the 2 extra layers of muscle in the
walls of the stomach?
DEFINITION 77 Muscularis Mucoasea- has an extra outer circular layer of muscle. Muscularis Externa-has an additional inner oblique layer of smooth muscle. TERM 78
What is the primary role of the small
intestine?
DEFINITION 78 To finish the process of chemical digestion of the food and to then absorb the nutrients into the body. TERM 79
3 parts of the small intestine?
DEFINITION 79 Duodenum Jejunum Ileum TERM 80
Duodenum
DEFINITION 80 first section after the stomach separated by the pyloric sphincter. It is the shortest and widest section of the small intestine and is the location where the chyme and digestive enzymes mix together for the final part of digestion.
Jejunum
Second region of small intestine where final chemical digestion occurs and nutrient absorption occurs. TERM 82
Ileum
DEFINITION 82 Final section being the longest and continues the function of absorption of nutrients. TERM 83
What is the ileocecal valve?
DEFINITION 83 Where the ileum ends, controls the flow of material from the small intestine into the cecum and the large intestine. TERM 84
What is the large intestine/colon responsible
for?
DEFINITION 84 Responsible for some absorption of nutrients but mostly for the re-absorption of water from the indigestible material passing through the large intestine. TERM 85
6 parts of the large intestine?
DEFINITION 85 cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon anus (containing internal and external sphincter muscles
What 2 hormones are secreted by pancreas
as part of endocrine system?
Glucagon and Insulin: function in carbohydrate digestion and absorption. TERM 92
How is the liver attached to the abdominal
wall?
DEFINITION 92 By the falciform ligament TERM 93
Lobes of the liver
DEFINITION 93 Consists of large left and right lobe and two smaller quadate and caudate lobes TERM 94
What are the functions of the liver?
DEFINITION 94 Production of bile storage of excess glucose in the form of glycogen detoxify blood TERM 95
Gallbladder
DEFINITION 95 Small Sac on inferior surface of liver.
What does the gallbladders function?
Stores bile which is used to emulsify fats and help with their absorption.
