Download Anatomy & Physiology Terms: Acids, Alkalosis, Body Planes, Cardiac Muscles & More and more Quizzes Biology of microorganisms in PDF only on Docsity!
acidosis
a pathologic condition existing when the blood pH decreases to less than 7.35. TERM 2
adrenals
DEFINITION 2 endocrine glands that produce hormones as a result of emotional changes like fright or anger. Hormone production causes an increase in blood pressure, widened pupils, and heart stimulation. TERM 3
alkalosis
DEFINITION 3 a pathologic condition that results when blood pH increases to more than 7.45. In serious cases, it can lead to coma. TERM 4
alveolar sacs
DEFINITION 4 grapelike structures in the lungs that allow for diffusion between air and blood. TERM 5
anabolism
DEFINITION 5 a body function whereby cells use energy to make complex compounds from simpler ones. It allows the synthesis of body fluids (e.g., sweat, tears, saliva, etc.).
anatomy
study of the structural components of the body. TERM 7
anterior
DEFINITION 7 surface region of the body characterized by the front (or ventral) area and including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities. TERM 8
ascites
DEFINITION 8 fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. TERM 9
body planes
DEFINITION 9 imaginary dividing lines of the body that serve as reference points for describing distance from or proximity to the body. Body planes include the sagittal, frontal, transverse, and medial planes. TERM 10
cardiac (striated involuntary)
muscles
DEFINITION 10 muscles that make up the wall of the heart.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
molecule containing thousands of genes that make up an individual's genetic code. Often referred to as a double helix, DNA is inherited from parents and carries the code for an individual's characteristics such as eye or hair color, height, etc. TERM 17
digestive system
DEFINITION 17 body system referring to organs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that breaks down food chemically and physically into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body's cells and allow the elimination of waste products of digestion. TERM 18
disease
DEFINITION 18 a specific, measurable condition characterized by specific clinical systoms, patient history, and laboratory or radiology results. TERM 19
disorder
DEFINITION 19 a generic term referring to any pathologic condition of the mind or body. TERM 20
distal
DEFINITION 20 anatomical term meaning distant or away from point of attachment.
dorsal
surface region of the body characterized by the back (or posterior) area and including the cranial and spinal cavities TERM 22
endocrine glands
DEFINITION 22 ductless glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream. TERM 23
exocrine glands
DEFINITION 23 glands that secrete fluids through channels or ducts (e.g., sweat, saliva, mucus, digestive juices). TERM 24
frontal plane
DEFINITION 24 imaginary line running lengthwise on the body from side to side, deviding the body into anterior and posterior sections. TERM 25
gastrointestinal system
DEFINITION 25 also referred to as the digestive system; body system that breaks down food chemically and physically into nutrients that can be absorbed and transported throughout the body to be used for energy by all body cells and, to eliminate the waste productsof digestion through the production of feces.
hormones
body substances secreted from glands that play a role in growth and development, fluid and electrolyte balance, energy balance, and acid-base balance. TERM 32
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
DEFINITION 32 a virus spread by sexual contact or exposure to infected blood. TERM 33
illness
DEFINITION 33 a subjective, non-measurable term for any departure from wellness (pain, suffering, distress). TERM 34
immunology
DEFINITION 34 the study of diseases of the immune system; allergic disorders. TERM 35
integumentary system
DEFINITION 35 body system referring to skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, teeth, and fingernails; involved in protective and regulatory functions.
lateral
directional term meaning towards the sides of the body. TERM 37
medial
DEFINITION 37 directional term meaning towrd the midline of the body. TERM 38
melanin
DEFINITION 38 pigment in the skin that provides color and protects underlying tissues from absorbing ultraviolet rays. TERM 39
meninges
DEFINITION 39 protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. TERM 40
metabolic acidosis
DEFINITION 40 a pathologic condition that occurs when the kidneys cannot eliminate acidic substances (e.g., in diabetes mellitus). It can result in kidney (renal) failure and death.
nervous system
body system that includes organs that provide communication in the body, sensations, thoughts, emotions, and memories. TERM 47
neurons
DEFINITION 47 specialized nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses. TERM 48
nucleolus
DEFINITION 48 cell structure located inside the nucleus, aids in cellular metabolism and cellular reproduction. TERM 49
nucleus
DEFINITION 49 cell structure that is the cell's control center; it governs the functions of each individual cell (e.g., growth repair, reproduction, and metabolism). TERM 50
occult blood
DEFINITION 50 analysis that detects hidden (occult) blood in the stool.
organelles
small structures within cells. TERM 52
organ systems
DEFINITION 52 groups of organs that have common functions. TERM 53
osteomyelitis
DEFINITION 53 inflammation of the bone due to bacterial infection. TERM 54
osteoporosis
DEFINITION 54 a condition in which the bones becomes porous and at a higher risk of fracturing. This is due to reduced mineral density in bone and is more common to post-menopausal women, than in men. TERM 55
ova and parasites (O&P)
DEFINITION 55 laboratory analysis performed on stool specimens that determines the presence of parasitic microorganisms or eggs of parasite organisms
pituitary gland
also referred to as the master gland, stimulates other glands to produce hormones as needed. It controls and regulates hormone production through chemical feedback. TERM 62
pleural fluid
DEFINITION 62 fluid from the lung cavity. TERM 63
posterior
DEFINITION 63 surface region of the body characterized by the back (or dorsal) area and including the cranial and spinal cavities. TERM 64
proximal
DEFINITION 64 near the point of attachment. TERM 65
pulse
rate
DEFINITION 65 rate used to assess normal functioning of the cardiovascular system; it is measured off the pulse located in an artery. Normal pulse rate is about 75 beats per minute.
red blood cells (RBCs)
blood cells that function to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. TERM 67
reproductive system
DEFINITION 67 body system referring to organs involved in sperm production, secretion of hormones (e.g., testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone), ovulation, fertilization, menstruation, pregnancy, labor, and lactation. TERM 68
respiration
rate
DEFINITION 68 the measure of how many times a patient breathes in and out in one minute. TERM 69
respiratory acidosis
DEFINITION 69 a pathologic condition that results when the respiratory system is unable to eliminate adequate amounts of CO (e.g., a collapsed lung or bloacked respiratory passages). TERM 70
respiratory alkalosis
DEFINITION 70 a pathologic condition that results from hyperventilation or the loss of too much CO2 from the lungs.
superficial
near the surface of the body TERM 77
synovial fluid
DEFINITION 77 joint fluid. TERM 78
transverse plane
DEFINITION 78 imaginary line running crosswise, or horizonally, on the body, dividing the body into upper and lower sections. TERM 79
urinary system
DEFINITION 79 body system referring to processes enabling the production and elimination of urine. Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. TERM 80
ventral
DEFINITION 80 surface region of the body characterized by the front (or anterior) area and including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
visceral (nonstriated, smooth, involuntary
muscles
muscles that line the walls of internal structures.
