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Various topics related to levels of measurement, statistical concepts, and data analysis. It discusses the different types of variables (categorical, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and their characteristics. It also covers key statistical concepts such as descriptive and inferential statistics, experiments, independent and dependent variables, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation), and the properties of normal distributions. Definitions, examples, and explanations of these fundamental statistical principles, making it a valuable resource for students and researchers in the social sciences, psychology, and other related fields.
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Categorical variable --Answer-- Indicates different categories. Ex: gender, college major etc. Nominal variable --Answer-- The variable consists of names of categories. The coding system is arbitrary. Ordinal variables --Answer-- Indicates first, second, third, etc. rank variables. Quantitative variables --Answer-- You can measure the size of the differences between scores and not just that they are different. Divided into interval and ratio. Interval variable --Answer-- They indicate the size of the difference between scores but they don't have a zero starting point. ( IQ or temperature) Ratio variable --Answer-- Have definite zeros that indicate the complete absence of something. In a sample of women, the # of children that each woman has is an example of which levels of measurement? --Answer-- Ratio Military ranks are an example of what level of measurement? --Answer-- Ordinal Gender is an example of what level of measurement? --Answer-- Nominal A sample is part of a larger... --Answer-- Population A bivariate analysis typically focuses on... --Answer-- The association of two variables Inferential statistics are typically contrasted with what statistics? --Answer-- Descriptive
Which is a defining characteristic of experiments? --Answer-- Manipulations The respondents gender is typically recorded a what kind of variable? -- Answer-- Nominal In an experiment, the variable that the researcher manipulates is called the (blank) variable --Answer-- Independent A variable that classifies people into racial or ethnic groups is what level of measurement? --Answer-- Nominal Which level of measurement has a true zero point? --Answer-- Ratio The # of students enrolled in a school each year is an example of which level of measurement? --Answer-- Ratio The variable that is measured as the outcome in an experiment is called the (blank) variable? --Answer-- Dependent Temp. Is measured at which level of measurement? --Answer-- Interval The amount of time that a person spends on social media each week in minutes is what kind of variable? --Answer-- Ratio If the # of games a team has lost in a season is subtracted from the # of games won that season, the resulting variable would be at what level of measurement? --Answer-- Interval The only level of measurement that does not place scores or categories into order ( and is therefore the lowest level of measurement) is what? --Answer-- Nominal The highest level of measurement ( the one that contains the most information) is what? --Answer-- Ratio If a persons sex is coded as male=1 or female=0, then the variable is at what level of measurement? --Answer-- Nominal If a person's sex is recorded as male or female then the variable is at what level of measurement? --Answer-- Nominal
A distribution such as income that has most of the people at the bottom or middle but a few people with extremely high scores is referred to as... -- Answer-- Positively skewed A distribution with two distinct peaks can be described as --Answer-- Bimodal A histogram is appropriate when the data are... --Answer-- Quantitative One visual difference between a bar chart and a histogram is that in a histogram.... --Answer-- The adjacent bars touch but in a bar chart they are sperate. A normal distribution has a value of skew ness that is ... --Answer-- Near zero A frequency bar graph would be most appropriate for which measurement scales? --Answer-- Nominal or ordinal The normal distribution is... --Answer-- Mesokurtic Which measure of central tendency works for nominal variables? --Answer-- Mode Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for skewed distributions? --Answer-- Median When a histogram or polygon chart for a quantitative variable has two distinct peaks then the distribution us referred to as... --Answer-- Bimodal The three most common measures of central tendency are: --Answer-- Mean, median, mode What is the minimum level of measurement needed to calculate the mode? -- Answer-- Nominal Which measure of central tendency is least efficient? --Answer-- Mode What is the minimum level of measurement needed to calculate the median? --Answer-- Ordinal
In a negatively skewed distribution which measure will generally have the highest value? --Answer-- Mode Which measure of central tendency is most influenced by outliers? --Answer-- Mean In a positively skewed distribution which measure will have the highest value? --Answer-- Mean What is the minimum level of measurement needed to calculate the mean? -- Answer-- Interval Which measure of central tendency Is most effected by outliers? --Answer-- Mean Which of the measures of central tendency works for nominal variables? -- Answer-- Neither the mean nor median works for nominal variables When a histogram for a quantitative variable has only one peak the. The distribution is referred to as.... --Answer-- Normal For which levels of measurement can you calculate the mode? --Answer-- Both ordinal and nominal Which measures of central tendency can be used with data on the ratio level of measurement? --Answer-- The mean and the mode Which measure of central tendency is always influenced by outliers? -- Answer-- The mean What is the highest level of measurement? --Answer-- Ratio When open- ended scores are present in data which measure of variability is most appropriate? --Answer-- Quartiles (such as inter quartile range) When data is negatively skewed, which measure of variability is most appropriate? --Answer-- Quartiles For a normal distribution which measure of variability is most efficient (in a statistical sense) --Answer-- Standard deviation
Compared to a mesokurtic distribution, the peak of a leptokurtic distribution is... --Answer-- Narrower and higher What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the variance? -- Answer-- The standard deviation is the square root of the variance For a distribution of m=80 and sd=6 what is the x score for a person who has a z score of -1.5? --Answer-- 71 If a positively skewed distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 is standardized, then the shape of the new distribution will be.... --Answer-- Positively skewed What percent of a normal distribution is below a z score of +1? --Answer-- 84% The standard normal distribution... --Answer-- Is a bell curve with m=0 and sd= If a person gets a z score of -2 on a test that had a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 5 then what was their raw score? --Answer-- 70 For a distribution with m=100 and sd= 15, what is the raw score of 112 -- Answer-- +0. In a positively skewed distribution which level of central tendency has the highest value? --Answer-- The mean In a Uniondale distribution with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 20 what would the z score be for a raw score of 80? --Answer-- 0 In a bimodal distribution with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 20 what would be the z score for a raw score of 80? --Answer-- 0 When a distribution of raw scores is converted to z scores the shape of the distributions.... --Answer-- Remains the same When a distribution of raw scores is converted to z scores the mean and standard deviation of the distribution will be... --Answer-- M=0 and sd=
If a person has a z score of 1 on the test then their score is... --Answer-- One standard deviation above the mean If a distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5 then the raw score of 68 would have a z score of... --Answer-- 3. No matter what shape of a distribution, if it is converted to z scores then it's mean will be... --Answer-- 0 In a normal distribution, what percent of the distribution is within z=-3 and z=+3? --Answer-- 99.7% What is the value of skew ness for a normal distribution? --Answer-- 0