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Life 102 Final Exam With 79
Questions: Erick Arthun: CSU
A non competitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by... - โ โ Changing the shape of the enzymes active site
Feedback inhibition - โ โ end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway
A Molecule loses a hydrogen because of a redox reaction has been... - โ โ Oxidized
End products of glycolysis - โ โ ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
Glycolysis takes place in what part of a eukaryotic cells? - โ โ Cytosol
Electron transport chain involves... - โ โ the extraction of energy from high energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
The final electron acceptor of the ETC is... - โ โ Oxygen
why are carbs and fats considered high-energy-foods? - โ โ They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen
Flow of electrons during aerobic cellular respiration: - โ โ Sugars--- NADH---ETC----O
Lost 15 lbs recently, how did the fat leave your body? - โ โ Released as CO2 and H2O
Metabolic pathway for both fermentation and cellular resperation of a glucose molecule... - โ โ Glycolysis
Key enzyme in glycolysis - โ โ ATP and citrate
When oxygen is released in photosynthesis it is direct by-product of... - โ โ Splitting water molecules
Photosynthesis requires light, why? - โ โ Light excites electrons in pigments and these high energy electrons are used later to reduce CO2, forming sugars
Plants are green because... - โ โ They absorb mainly blue and red wavelengths of light but reflect the green wavelengths of light
Photosystem - โ โ A cluster of pigments and proteins that work together to capture light energy
light reactions supply the calvin cycle with... - โ โ ATP and NADPH
Reduction of NADHP+ occurs during.... - โ โ Photosynthesis only
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle - โ โ Synthesize simple sugars from CO
Hydrogen ion gradient is created by an ETC to produce... - โ โ ATP
Flow of electrons during photosynthesis: - โ โ H20---NADPH--- Calvin cycle
Relationship between Photosynthesis and respiration: - โ โ Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules
CACGCCGACCGTT - โ โ GTGCGGCTGGCAA
How are saturated and unsaturated fats different from each other? - โ โ the fatty acid chains in saturated fats only have single bonds, while unsaturated fats have double bonds
what macromolecule leaves the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? - โ โ mRNA
Life is both very uniform and diverse what level is most UNIFORM? - โ โ The molecular and cellular level
why is each element unique and different from other elements? - โ โ each element has a unique number of protons in the nucleus
how many protons and neutrons does C^15 have? (carbon has an atomic number of 6) - โ โ 6 Pros and 9 Neuts
25 of the 92 natural elements are essential to life - โ โ cobalt is not essential for life
what happens when atoms have an unequal amount of electrons shared? - โ โ A polar covalent bond forms
what chemical reaction explains the attraction of sodium and chloride to one another? - โ โ ionic bonds- complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms
Partial negative charge in water occurs because? - โ โ the electrons shared between oxygen and hydrogen are unequal spending more time with oxygen nucleus than the hydrogen nucleus
Water forms hydrogen bonds because? - โ โ the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds
pH is the measure of the ... - โ โ concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
what pH values are most acidic?
What pH values are least acidic? - โ โ 1
15
Heartburn caused by excess acid can be cured by what? - โ โ Bicarbonate since this will act as a base and increase the pH.
(from a 2 acidy solution to a 15 less acidy solution)
What is true about all isomers? - โ โ they all have different structures, but have the same atomic composition.
mirror images of isomers are called what? - โ โ Enantiomers
Amino acids are acids because they always possess what? - โ โ Carboxyl
How do phospholipids interact with water molecules? - โ โ polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.
What structures are part of the endomembrane system? - โ โ golgi apparatus , lysosome, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope
What structures are part of the cytoskeleton? - โ โ microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
What do ribosomes do? - โ โ They are involved in protein synthesis
Major structural components of the cell membrane - โ โ Phospholipids and proteins
Selective permeability - โ โ only certain molecules can pass through the cell membrane
A protein that is an integral membrane protein they have to be... - โ โ Amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
Passive transport includes... - โ โ osmosis, diffusion of a solute across a membrane, facillittated diffusion
force driving simple diffusion...
energy source for active transport... - โ โ The concentration gradient
ATP
Molecules that pass through a cell membrane easily... - โ โ Small and hydrophobic
Osmotic environments that are best for animal cells and plant cells? - โ โ Isotonic, Hypotonic
Put an animal cell in a Hypertonic solution? - โ โ Water leaves the cell causing them to shrivel and collapse
Voltage across a membrane - โ โ Electrochemical gradient
White blood cells ingulf bacteria by what process? - โ โ Membrane potential
Anabolic pathways - โ โ consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
Catabolic pathways - โ โ They supply energy primarily in the form of ATP for the cells work
First law of thermodynamics - โ โ Energy cannot be made or destroyed
Chemical reaction that has a positive DELTA G is called... - โ โ endergonic
What molecule connects anabolism and catabolism in cells? - โ โ ATP
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? - โ โ Enzymes lower that activation energy barrier of reactions
Lock and Key analogy enzymes... - โ โ Bind specifically to their substrate
Bacteria active in HOT SPRINGS - โ โ their enzymes have a high optimal heat temp
