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Lifespan Development Chapters 1-4 (Exam
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Maturation - correct answers.Biological unfolding of the genetic plan Age Norms/Social Clock - correct answers.Age norms are societal expectations based on age. Social clock is a person's perspective on if they are ahead, behind, or on time in life based on age norms. Charles Darwin vs. G. Stanley Hall - correct answers.Darwin: Baby biographer Hall: Founder of developmental psychology in the U.S. He used the questionnaire method on kids Emerging Adulthood - correct answers.New term used to describe the transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. Usually between the ages of 18-25/ 2 Types of data collection - correct answers.Verbal Reports Behavioral Observations Types of verbal reports, and the problems with them - correct answers.Interviews, questionnaires, tests
- Can't be used on children who can't read or speak, or impaired people
- People can give a socially desirable response rather than telling the truth
- People of different cultures, or ages may not understand the questions in the same way
Types of behavioral observations (3) - correct answers.1. Naturalistic: Observing the participant in their natural environment. Researchers have little control and participants may act a certain way if they know they are being watched
- Structured (lab): Observing the participant in a lab for specific research
- Physiological: Studying brain activity/ internal responses Describe the Correlational Method of research and problems it has - correct answers.Researchers look for a relationship between 2 or more variables. There is NO random assignment or variable manipulation. Results range from +1 to - 1, variables are not related if correlation is 0. Problems: Directionality- Direction of the cause/effect relationship could be the opposite of what researchers think it is 3rd variable problem: Association of the 2 variables could be caused by some 3rd variable Describe the Experimental Method - correct answers.Researcher manipulates the independent variable and measures the dependent variable. Participants are randomly assigned, and there is always a control group and experimental group. Purpose of using this method is to find cause/effect. Quasi-Experiments - correct answers.Type of experimental method, but participants are NOT randomly assigned Case Study - correct answers.In-depth examination of an individual (or small group) for a long period of time Types of studies to assess change over time (3) - correct answers.Cross-Sectional Study Longitudinal Study Sequential Design Study Cohort / Cohort Effect - correct answers.Cohort: Group of people born at the same time Cohort Effect: When you are looking at differences in ages, not differences over time Explain a Cross-Sectional Study and the strengths/weaknesses. - correct answers.Compares different cohorts at 1 point in time. Strength: Quick, inexpensive
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory (Main focus) - correct answers.Focuses on the development and dynamics of personality; driven by unconscious motivation. Discontinuity, Passive, Universal theory Freud's 3 parts to personality - correct answers.Id- Part of personality you're born with. It's the irrational, unconscious, selfish part that needs immediate gratification. Ego- Rational side that tries to find rational ways of satisfying the needs. Emerges at infancy in the form of perception, learning, and problem-solving. Balances the needs of the id and superego Superego- Last part to develop. It's the person's moral standards. It develops after the ego at ages 3-6 by socialization Define Erogenous Zones, Fixations, and Libido - correct answers.Erogenous Zone: Area of the body that responds to stimuli Fixations: Defense mechanism in which development is arrested and part of the libido remains tied to an earlier time of development Libido: Biological energy for the sex instinct Freud's 5 stages of development - correct answers.1. Oral: Birth-1 year; erogenous zone is the mouth (baby puts everything in its mouth)
- Anal: 1-3 years; erogenous zone is the anus, this is when potty training occurs, and its the beginning of a child's creativity because they are proud of what they've produced
- Phallic: 3-5/6 years. Erogenous zone is genitals. Resolution of oedipus complex results in desire for the other-sex parent and identification with the same-sex parent. Superego develops at the end of this stage, which is why freud emphasizes the importance of the first 5 years of life
- Latency: 6-12 years. No erogenous zone, sexual energy is tamed
- Genital: 12 years and older; puberty reawakens the sexual instincts of youths to form relationships and carry out the biological goal of reproducing 2 types of defense mechanisms - correct answers.Repression: Removing unacceptable thoughts or traumatic memories from consciousness (Rape victims don't remember being raped) Regression: Retreating to an earlier, less traumatic stage of development (Toddler may go back to thumb sucking/crying like an infant in response to a new sibling being born)
Main Focus of Erikson's Psychosexual Theory and how it's different from Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory - correct answers.Focused on inner dynamics of personality and proposed that personality evolves through systemic changes Compared to Freud, he put more emphasis on social influence, and saw humans as actively shaping their development. Had more of a lifespan view rather than Freud's importance of the first 5 years Erikson's 8 Psychosexual Stages - correct answers.1. Trust vs. Mistrust: Birth- 1 year. Infants must trust their caregivers to meet their needs, responsive parenting is critical
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 1-3 years. Children must learn to be autonomous or they will doubt their abilities
- Initiative vs. Guilt: 3-6 years. Preschoolers develop initiative by making bold plans, but must learn not to violate the rights of others
- Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-12 years. Children must master important social and academic skills and keep up with their peers or they will feel inferior
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-20 years. Adolescents must ask themselves who they are and establish social and vocational identities, or they will be confused about the role they should play as adults
- Intimacy vs. Isolation: 20-40 years. Young adults seek to form a shared identity with another person, but may fear intimacy and experience loneliness/isolation
- Generatively vs. Stagnation: 40-65 years. Middle-aged adults must feel like they've produced something that will outlive them (kids or work) or they will become stagnant and self-centered 8.Integrity vs. Despair: 65 years and up. Older adults must feel view their life as meaningful to face death without worry or regret 3 Parts to learning theory - correct answers.Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning Classical Conditioning (Pavlov Watson) - correct answers.UCS --> UCR Pairing of CS & UCR (Learning phase) CS --> CR
- Concrete Operations: 7- 11 years. School-aged kids acquire concrete, logical operations, but struggle with hypothetical and abstract problems
- Formal Operations: 11/12 and up. Adolescents can think about abstract and hypothetical concepts Sociocultural Perpective (Vygotsky) - correct answers.Emphasizes that cognitive development is shaped by the sociocultural context in which it occurs. Language is a main factor. Has to do with the information processing approach, which approaches cognition and emphasized the fundamental mental processes involved like attention, perception, memory, and decision-making Bioecological Systems (Bronfenbrenner) - correct answers.Emphasizes the importance of nature and nurture, as well as the cortex-specific theory. Has 4 environmental systems in which a persons biological makeup and psychological characteristics are embedded.
- Microsystem: Immediate environment; face to face interactions
- Mesosystem: Links between microsystems
- Ecosystem: Indirectly experienced influences
- Macrosystem: Cultural context Species Heredity - correct answers.Things shared among a species. (Ex: All humans have 2 eyes) Darwin's Genetic Variation - correct answers.Some genes are more adaptable than others, and those are passed down to future generations (Natural selection) Evolutionary Psychology - correct answers.Application of the evolutionary theory to understanding why humans think and behave as they do What are our building blocks? (Chromosomes, etc.) - correct answers.-23 pairs of chromosomes (autosomes- any chromosomes that aren't sex chromosome)
- DNA, made of nucleotides, which form genes Mitosis - correct answers.Cell division of autosomes. Results in 2 duplicated cells Meisos - correct answers.Cell division of sex cells to produce sperm and eggs. Define:
- Genotype/Phenotype
- Heterozygous/Homozygous
- Dominant/Recessive - correct answers.Genotype: Inherited genes Phenotype: Observable characteristics Heterozygous: 2 different genes Homozygous: 2 of the same genes Dominant: Powerful gene that is expressed phenotypically and masks the effects of a recessive gene Recessive: Les powerful gene that wouldn't be phenotypically expressed when paired with a dominant gene Polygenic Inheritance - correct answers.Occurs when a characteristic is controlled by 2 or more genes. Often the genes are large in quantity, but small in effect (Ex- height, weight, eye color) Dominant/ Recessive Disorders - correct answers.Dominant: Huntington's Disease Recessive: Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, PKU, Sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia Chromosomal Abnormality Disorders - correct answers.Down's Syndrome (Trisomy 21): Extra 21st chromosome Turner Syndrome: Missing an X or Y chromosome, totaling in only 45 Klinefelter Syndrome: Extra X or Y chromosome, totaling in 47 Fragile X Syndrome: Intellectual disability more common in males. Copy number variation (receiving too many or not enough copies of a stretch of DNA) Prenatal Screening Tests - correct answers.Amniocentesis: Extracting amniotic fluid to test fetal body cells for chromosomal abnormalities and genetic defects. Safe at 15 weeks Chronic Villus Sampling: Withdrawing fetal cells from the chorion (outermost membrane of the embryo). Done at 10 weeks Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to make a picture Maternal Blood Sampling: Noninvasive measure of prenatal diagnosis. Mother's blood is drawn and fetal cells that have crossed the placental barrier into the mother's blood is tested
Describe the Fetal Period - correct answers.-2nd and 3rd trimesters, ends at birth
- 2nd trimester: Rapid body growth, quickening, viability at 22-23 weeks
- 3rd trimester: Growth in cerebral hemisphere, and myelinization
- Critical for brain development Stages of prenatal brain development: - correct answers.1. Proliferation: Neurons multiply at staggering rates throughout the prenatal period
- Migration: Neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units
- Differentiation: Progressive diversification of cells that result in their taking on different characteristics and functions Placental Barrier - correct answers.Leakiest part of the placenta that is a very poor block to chemicals. If the mother is using teratogens it can leak into the placental barrier and harm the baby Teratogens - correct answers.Any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm the developing fetus Principles of Teratology - correct answers.1. Critical Period: The effects of teratogens are worst during this period, when an organ systems are developing rapidly
- Dosage and Duration: Greater level of exposure and longer the exposure occurs, the more likely that serious damage will occur
- Genetic Makeup: Susceptibility to harm is influenced by genetic makeup of the inborn child and the mothers genotype. So not all embryos are affected, or are affected equally
- Environment: The effects of a teratogen depends on the quality of the prenatal and postnatal environments Diseases at Teratogens - correct answers.Rubella: Disease with little effect on the mother, but can cause blindness, deafness, and mental retardation in a child exposed to it in the first 3-4 months of gestation STI's:
- Syphilis after the 18th week can cause miscarriage or still birth
- AIDS
- Herpes
- Chlamydia/Gonorrhea
Cytomegalovirus Toxoplasmosis Drugs as Teratogens :Alcohol - correct answers.FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Symptoms in the child include a small head, widely spaced eyes, and mental retardation ARDN: Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder. Stages of Labor - correct answers.1. Dilation of Cervix: Begins when the mother experiences regular contractions of the uterus, and ends when her cervix has fully dilated so the babies head can fit through (widened). Lasts about 9 hours for the first child and 5 for later children
- Delivery of Baby: Begins when the fetus' head passes through the cervix and into the vagina and ends when the baby emerges from the woman's body. This can last 1 hour for the first child and about 15-20 minutes for the later kids
- Placenta Delivered: Last stage of child birth where the placenta is delivered. This lasts only a few minutes Anoxia - correct answers.Lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain that may result in neurological damage or death. Can be caused by a pinch or tangle of the umbilical cord, the baby being breeched, or the drugs given to the mother during labor reached the babies body. Can cause poor reflexes, seizures, heart rate irregularities, and breathing difficulties Apgar Tests - correct answers.A test routinely used to asses a newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes immediately after birth and 5 minutes after; used to identify high-risk babies Low-Birth Rate - correct answers.5 1/2 pounds and under Kangaroo Care - correct answers.Holding a young infant skin-to-skin on a parents chest; often used with preemie babies to help maintain body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood Postpartum Depression - correct answers.An episode of severe, clinical depression lasting for months in a women who has just given birth; to be contrasted with a milder case of "baby blues", in which a new mother is tearful and moody after the first few days of giving birth. Maybe caused by hormones, cultural factors like being exhausted, or failed/unrealistic expectations of the baby and its appearance
